日改进H—2火箭以期进入国际发射市场

日本宇宙事业开发团（ＮＡＳＤＡ）已开始全面研制３种改进型Ｈ－２运载火箭，这３种火箭依次称为Ｈ－２Ａ、Ｈ－２Ｂ和Ｈ－２Ｃ。其中，Ｈ－２Ａ与Ｈ－２的运载能力相当，它是与阿里安－４同级的运载火箭；Ｈ－２Ｂ和Ｈ－２Ｃ将使用与ＬＥ－７发动机相似的发动机作为捆绑...     

熔盐反应法生长Bi－Pb－Sr－Ca－Cu－O系超导单晶

利用熔盐反应法生长了Ｂｉ－Ｐｂ－Ｓｒ－Ｃａ－Ｃｕ－Ｏ系超导单晶．这种方法容易生长高纯的Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣｕＯｘ和Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣａＣｕＯｘ单晶，也已生长了２２１２和２２２３相交生的片状单晶，其中（Ｂｉ，Ｐｂ２Ｓｒ２Ｃａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏｘ相的体积分数约５０％．利用电子衍射图样，ＸＲＤ，ＥＤＡＸ和磁化率的测量对晶体结构、组分和超导电性进行了研究．     

巴西 VLS 运载火箭首次发射失败

巴西ＶＬＳ运载火箭首次发射失败１９９７年１１月２日，巴西自己制造的第一枚“卫星运载火箭”（ＶＬＳ———ＶｅｉｃｕｌｏＬａｎｃａｄｏｒｄｅＳａｔｅｌｉｔｅｓ）进行了首次发射。ＶＬＳ火箭携带了一颗１５０ｋｇ重的ＳＣＤ２Ａ环境数据收集卫星，从巴西的阿尔坎...     

熔盐反应法生长Bi—Pb—Sr—Ca—Cu—O系超导单晶

利用烷盐反应法生长了Ｂｉ－Ｐｂ－Ｓｒ－Ｓｒ－Ｃａ－Ｃｕ－Ｏ系超导单晶，这种方法容易生长高纯的Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣｕＯｘ和Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣａＣｕＯｘ单晶，也已生长了２２１２和２２２３相交生的片状单晶，其中（Ｂｉ，Ｐｂ）２Ｓｒ２Ｃａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏｘ相的体积分数约５０％，利用电子衍射图样，ＸＲＤ，ＥＤＡＸ和磁化率的测量对晶体结构、组分和超导电性进行了研究。     

空间环境对漫反射板的影响

光学系统在空间环境条件下的衰变对卫星遥感仪器探测精度有重要影响．漫反射板是星载光学遥感仪器辐射定标的重要工具．本文通过对ＡＤＥＯＳ／ＴＯＭＳ和Ｅａｒｔｈ Ｐｒｏｂｅ／ＴＯＭＳ仪器馒反射板漫反射率衰变特性的比较，分析研究了原子氧和太阳紫外辐射对漫反射板的影晌．结果表明，太阳紫外辐照和原子氧剥蚀引起的漫反射板反射率衰变系数分别为０．０００４９／ｈ和１．２ × １０－１７ｃｍ２，但在卫星入轨初期，太阳紫外辐照的影响可增加约４倍．     

中国向国际电联登记的静止卫星轨道位置表

登记的卫星名称１）国内用的名称轨道位置频段登记情况２）ＳＴＷ－１试验通信卫星１２５°ＥＣＮＳＴＷ－２试验通信卫星１０３°ＥＣＮＣｈｉｎａｓａｔ－１东方红－２甲８７．５°ＥＣＮＣｈｉｎａｓａｔ－２东方红－２甲１１０．５°ＥＣＮＣｈｉｎａｓａｔ－３东方红－２甲９８°ＥＣＮＣｈｉｎａｓａｔ－４东方红－２甲１３０°ＥＣＡＣｈｉｎａｓａｔ－１１银行星１０１．５°ＥＫｕＡＣｈｉｎａｓａｔ－１２银行星１０５°ＥＫｕＡＣｈｉｎａｓａｔ－２１烽火－１１０３°ＥＵＨＦ，Ｃ＊Ｃｈｉｎａｓａｔ－２２烽火－１９８°ＥＵＨ…     

空间扫描

英国“萨利”卫星定于１９９６年１０月升空　它从拜科努尔发射场的一个导弹发射井发射，重１５０ｋｇ。日本推迟Ｈ－２火箭发射　由于Ｈ－２火箭设备问题，先进对地观测卫星－１（Ａｄｅｏｓ－１）、工程试验卫星－７等卫星推迟升空。日本现正努力降低Ｈ－２的发射费用，拟于１９９９年把每次发射费降至０．９亿美元或大约是目前发射费用的一半；还在积极想法提高Ｈ－２的推力，争取达到能把３～４吨重的有效载荷送入静地轨道的水平。俄罗斯拟于明年第一季度发射“自然”舱　如能顺利升空，对接到和平号空间站上，则该空间站将大功告成。俄…     

日本将实施4星气候监测计划

日本宇宙开发事业团（ＮＡＳＤＡ）预计将在２０００年４月开始实施一项包括４颗卫星的全球气候监视计划。ＮＡＳＤＡ目前已申请了大约１．２亿日元（合１００万美元），用于对２颗拟于２００５年发射的全球变化观测卫星（ＧＣＯＭ——ＧｌｏｂａｌＣｈａｎｇｅＯｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎＭｉｓｓｉｏｎ）进行研究。这笔研究经费尚待日本空间活动委员会的批准。第一颗卫星称为ＧＣＯＭ－Ａ１，其重点任务是大气监测。第二颗卫星是ＧＣＯＭ－Ｂ１，将携带５种遥感器，其重点任务是地球观测。它们的２颗后继星ＧＣＯＭ－Ａ２、Ｂ２，将于２０１０…     

日本的H—2火箭

Ｈ－２火箭是日本宇宙事业开发团（ＮＡＳＤＡ）经过９年的艰苦努力，完全依靠自己的技术力量研制出来的第一枚大推力运载火箭。Ｈ－２火箭采用了现代化的材料、电子设备、计算机和推进系统，是世界上目前最先进的，率先全部使用氢氧发动机的一次性使用运载火箭。Ｈ－２火箭有两级，高５０米，不载有效载荷的起飞重量为２６０吨。第一级由ＬＥ－７主发动机和两枚固体火箭助推器组成；第二级采用ＬＥ－５Ａ主发动机。Ｈ－２火箭能将８８００磅（约４吨）的有效载荷送入地球静止转移轨道，或将４４００磅（约２吨）的有效载荷送入地球静止轨道…     

空间扫描

空间扫描巴西首次卫星发射失败１９９７年１１月２日在位于赤道附近的阿甘达拉发射基地，巴西首次用自行研制的ＶＬＳ－１火箭发射一颗数据采集卫星ＳＣＤ－２Ａ。火箭是在当地时间１０时２５分点火的，６５秒钟后火箭升至３２３０ｍ的高度时，４个助推器中的１个熄火，致...     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

一种提高螺栓联接强度的新方法

根据山本晃教授对螺栓，螺母，螺纹牙受力及其变形研究的成果，导出了该理论条件下受拉螺栓在等载荷受力状态下，当螺栓螺纹采用标准尺寸，螺母螺纹的螺旋线形状，并依据实用性，从螺母螺纹加工方便考虑，提出了近似等负荷螺纹。     

直尺反转组合法测量直线度的理论分析

对直尺反转组合法的测量原理进行了较为深入的理论分析，指出测量的准确性受测头误差、采样点定位误差、直尺尺面斜率、直尺再定位误差、直尺各点直线度误差的变化率等五个方面共同作用。其中，采样点定位误差和直尺安装斜率影响直线度测量准确度这一结论，将适用于其他的直尺直线度测量方法，因而具有普遍的指导意义。