“阿里安”火箭1995年月均一发

阿里安空间公司最近公布“阿里安”运载火箭１９９５年的发射计划如下：１．１月，发射欧空局的第二颗地球资源卫星ＥＲＳ－２。２．２月，发射国际通信卫星－７０６。３．３月，发射美国休斯公司的第三颗直接广播卫星ＤＢＳ－３。４．３月，发射法国第一颗军事侦察卫星太阳神－１。５．４月，发射日本电报电话公司（ＮＴＴ）的“Ｎ－星”卫星。６．５月，发射泛美卫星公司的ＰＡＳ－４卫星和以色列Ｓｐａｃｅｃｏｍ卫星通信公司的Ａｍｏｓ卫星。７．６月，发射卢森堡ＳＥＳ公司的Ａｓｔｒａ－１Ｅ卫星。８．８月，发射法国电信公司（Ｔｅｌ…     

1999年世界航天大事

１月□□·美国空军公布其２０００年预算计划,其中包括高轨和低轨天基红外系统（ＳＢＩＲＳ－ＨｉｇｈａｎｄＳＢＩＲＳ－Ｌｏｗ）的进度均推迟２年。第一颗ＳＢＩＲＳ－Ｈｉｇｈ卫星的发射从２００２年推迟至２００４年,预计这将使该计划的成本增高５亿美元。第一颗ＳＢＩＲＳ－Ｌｏｗ卫星的发射从２００４年推迟至２００６年。２月·俄罗斯制造的联盟号火箭进入商业发射市场,一年内６次发射成功“全球星”移动通信卫星。６次发射分别在１９９９年２、３、４、９、１０和１１月。·因进度拖延,成本超支,美国空军终止了同波音公司和Ｔ…     

欧洲通信卫星组织将订购第三代卫星

欧洲通信卫星组织自１９８３年１０月１２日发射成功第一颗Ｅｕｔｅｌｓａｔ－１／Ｆ１卫星至今已１０年了。在这１０年里，该组织已发射了两代Ｅｕｔｅｌｓａｔ卫星，即Ｅｕｔｅｌｓａｔ－１和２型卫星。第一代共发射５颗，其中一颗发射失败。目前有３颗仍在轨服务，其中Ｅｕｔｅｌｓａｔ－１／Ｆ４和Ｆ５定位在东经２１．５度和２５．５度，Ｅｕｔｅｌｓａｔ－１／Ｆ１则已东移，用于西伯利亚和哈萨克斯坦之间的通信。这颗卫星在轨道上工作已整整１０年了，超过其设计寿命３年，而且还将继续工作到１９９４年底。第二代卫星Ｅｕｔｅｌｓａ…     

世界空间市场的现状与展望（下）

随着卫星质量的增加和卫星性能的提高，如卫星商业系统（ＳＢＳ）和国际通信卫星－５／５Ａ这样的第二代静止轨道卫星和第三代静止轨道卫星相比，每颗卫星的平均价格大体上从６２００万美元增加到９０００万美元（均是１９９２年美元汇价），根据卫星经营者的要求，第三代卫星的平均寿命也增加到约为１３年。到１９９４年５月，已有１１５颗通信卫星（也就是１９９２～２００４年期间市场预计数１７８颗的２／３）已经和公司签订了采购合同，其中３２颗已发射，其余的８３颗（价值约为７５亿美元）将在１９９４年６月至１９９９年期间发射。…     

天顶号火箭扩大发射

俄罗斯和乌克兰联合制造的天顶号运载火箭从１９８５年开始使用，主要作为军事卫星运载火箭，用于发射第４代电子侦察卫星和第６代照相侦察卫星（参见表１）。１９９４年１０月３１日，天顶号火箭成功地把１颗资源－０３探测卫星送入了极地轨道。同时搭载发射了１颗德国的微型卫星Ｓａｆｉｒ－Ｒ以及俄罗斯自己的第１颗静止轨道气象卫星－“电子”（ＧＯＭＳ）。这是天顶号火箭今后一系列新用途发射的开端。从１９９５年起，天顶号火箭将发射第三代海洋卫星－Ｏ；１９９８年发射乌克兰的Ｓｉｔｃｈ－２卫星，还有“生物”（Ｂｉｏｎ）、“光…     

日本BS—3N广播卫星发射成功

日本ＢＳ－３Ｎ广播卫星发射成功日本广播卫星的发展一直不顺利。１９９０年２月因阿里安火箭发射失败，导致了１颗ＢＳ－２Ｘ卫星爆炸；１９９１年４月用美国阿特拉斯火箭发射时又损失了１颗ＢＳ－３Ｈ卫星。不但如此，倒霉的事还接连发生，１９９０年８月发射的ＢＳ－３...     

劳拉公司制造的在轨运行卫星表

卫星名称数量轨道位置卫星公司用途卫星功率／Ｗ转发器工作频段发射年份超鸟－１、２（第１次使用ＦＳ－１３００平台）２１５８°Ｅ、１６２°Ｅ日本空间通信公司（ＳＣＣ）提供新闻采集、有线电视、银行业务及商业服务４０００Ｋｕ、Ｋａ、Ｘ１９９２、１９９３国际通信...     

空间扫描

英国“萨利”卫星定于１９９６年１０月升空　它从拜科努尔发射场的一个导弹发射井发射，重１５０ｋｇ。日本推迟Ｈ－２火箭发射　由于Ｈ－２火箭设备问题，先进对地观测卫星－１（Ａｄｅｏｓ－１）、工程试验卫星－７等卫星推迟升空。日本现正努力降低Ｈ－２的发射费用，拟于１９９９年把每次发射费降至０．９亿美元或大约是目前发射费用的一半；还在积极想法提高Ｈ－２的推力，争取达到能把３～４吨重的有效载荷送入静地轨道的水平。俄罗斯拟于明年第一季度发射“自然”舱　如能顺利升空，对接到和平号空间站上，则该空间站将大功告成。俄…     

智利小卫星入轨未分离

由英国萨利公司建造的智利第一颗卫星ＦＡＳａｔ－Ａｌｐｈａ（空军卫星－阿尔法）于１９９５年８月３１日，用乌克兰研制的旋风号运载火箭从俄罗斯的普列谢茨克发射场发射。火箭成功地将ＦＡＳａｔ－Ａｌｐｈａ小卫星与主卫星——乌克兰的Ｓｉｃｈ－１海洋观测卫星一起送入了预定的近地轨道。但是，ＦＡＳａｔ－Ａｌｐｈａ卫星没有与主卫星分离。尽管在发射以后４小时内，地面曾多次向卫星发出分离指令，终未见效。由于ＦＡＳａｔ卫星仍连接在Ｓｉｃｈ－１卫星上，智利小卫星无法执行其通信试验和对地观测任务。９月７日，ＦＡＳａｔ卫星的…     

各国发射的第1颗卫星

前苏联卫星名称：人造地球卫星－１（Спутник－１）发射日期：１９５７年１０月４日运载火箭：ＳＬ－１卫星重量：８３６ｋｇ轨道高度：２２８５ｋｍ／９４６１ｋｍ轨道倾角：６５°轨道周期：９６１７ｍｉｎ发射目的：测量大气密度，研究电离层２　美国卫星名称：探险者－１（Ｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｒ－１）发射日期：１９５８年１月３１日运载火箭：丘辟特－Ｃ卫星重量：１３９７ｋｇ轨道高度：３６０４ｋｍ／２５３１４ｋｍ轨道倾角：３３３４°轨道周期：１１４８ｍｉｎ发射目的：测量宇宙线、微流星及卫星本体温度３…     

Long-term observations of the trapped high-energy proton population (L < 4) by the NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES)

The Space Environment Monitor (SEM) onboard the NOAA POES satellites has been measuring the near-Earth charged particle environment since 1978, providing an extensive database that can be used for studying the long-term behavior of this population of trapped particles. POES stands for Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite. These satellites orbit at ∼840 km altitude and at an inclination of 98°. The SEM-1 instrument was flown on the POES satellites beginning in 1978 with TIROS-N and NOAA-6 in 1979 and continuing to NOAA-14 launched in 1995 with the exception of NOAA-9 and NOAA-11 (NOAA-13 failed shortly after launch). Its replacement, SEM-2, has flown on the POES NOAA-15, -16, and -17 satellites (from 1998). Here we present the results of a study on the statistical variations of the high-energy trapped proton environment. Among the detectors in SEM, the four SEM-2 omni-directional proton detectors for energies >16 MeV, >36 MeV, >70 MeV, and >140 MeV provide the data most relevant to this study.     

Recent Progress of Fengyun Meteorology Satellites

After nearly 50 years of development, Fengyun (FY) satellite ushered in its best moment. China has become one of the three countries or units in the world (China, USA, and EU) that maintain both polar orbit and geostationary orbit satellites operationally. Up to now, there are 17 Fengyun (FY) satellites that have been launched successfully since 1988. There are two FY polar orbital satellites and four FY geostationary orbit satellites operate in the space to provide a huge amount of the earth observation data to the user communities. The FY satellite data has been applied not only in the meteorological but also in agriculture, hydraulic engineering, environmental, education, scientific research and other fields. More recently, three meteorological satellites have been launched within the past two years. They are FY-4A on 11 December 2016, FY-3D on 15 November 2017 and FY-2H on 5 June 2018. This paper introduces the current status of FY meteorological satellites and data service. The updates of the latest three satellites have been addressed. The characteristics of their payloads on-boarding have been specified in details and the benefit fields have been anticipated separately.      

中国空间天文40周年

过去40年中国空间天文学研究取得了巨大的发展.尤其是近10年内发射了数颗天文卫星，未来几年还将有一些天文卫星计划发射.本文简要回顾了国际空间天文学的发展历程.对中国空间天文学过去40年的发展进行了回顾和总结，包括1970年代第一颗天文卫星计划、气球空间天文探测、基于载人航天工程的空间天文实验以及天文卫星等.此外，介绍了中国空间天文项目，并对未来10年中国空间天文学研究进行了展望.      

Ocean Observation from Haiyang Satellites

In 2018, China successfully launched three new Haiyang (which means ocean in Chinese, referred to as HY) satellites which are an ocean color observation satellite HY-1C (operational), an ocean dynamics environment satellite HY-2B (operational) and the China-France ocean satellite CFOSAT (experimental). In 2019, all the three satellites had finished their commissioning phases and were declared operational. HY-2A satellite continues to operate in-orbit, and its operational status is basically normal. So in 2020, China has 4 Haiyang satellites in-orbit, China's ocean satellites enter into a new operational application phase. The operation of the ground application system of Chinese ocean satellites is stable. In 2019, Beijing, Hainan, Mudanjiang, and Hangzhou ocean satellite ground stations had received the data of HY-1C, HY-2A, HY-2B, and CFOSAT 5012 orbits and 26.46 TB data had been distributed to both domestic and international users. Chinese ocean satellite data has played an important role in marine disaster prevention and mitigation, development and management of marine resources, maintenance of marine rights and interests, marine environment protection, scientific researches, and blue economy development.      

Update on Fengyun Meteorological Satellite Program and Development

China began to develop its meteorological satellite program since 1969. With 50-years' growing, there are 17 Fengyun (FY) meteorological satellites launched successfully. At present, seven of them are in orbit to provide the operational service, including three polar orbiting meteorological satellites and four geostationary meteorological satellites. Since last COSPAR report, no new Fengyun satellite has been launched. The information of the on-orbit FY-2 series, FY-3 series, and FY-4 series has been updated. FY-3D and FY-2H satellites accomplished the commission test and transitioned into operation in 2018. FY-2E satellite completed its service to decommission in 2019. The web-based users and Direct Broadcasting (DB) users keep growing worldwide to require the Fengyun satellite data and products. A new Mobile Application Service has been launched to Fengyun users based on the cloud technology in 2018. In this report, the international and regional co-operations to facilitate the Fengyun user community have been addressed especially. To strengthen the data service in the Belt and Road countries, the Emergency Support Mechanism of Fengyun satellite (FY_ESM) has been established since 2018. Meanwhile, a Recalibrating 30-years' archived Fengyun satellite data project has been founded since 2018. This project targets to generate the Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) as a space agency response to the Global Climate Observation System (GCOS). At last, the future Fengyun program up to 2025 has been introduced as well.      

Scientific Progress in China's Lunar Exploration Program

Chang'E-1, the first lunar mission in China, was successfully launched on October 24,2007, which opened the prelude of China's Lunar Exploration Program. Later on, the Chang'E-2 and Chang'E-3 satellites were successfully launched in 2010 and 2013, respectively. In order to achieve the science objectives, various payloads boarded the spacecraft. The scientific data from these instruments were received by Beijing and Kunming ground stations simultaneously. Up to now, about 5.628 Terabytes of raw data were received totally. A series of research results has been achieved. This paper presents a brief introduction to the main scientific results and latest progress from Chang'E-3 mission.     

中国返回式卫星与空间科学实验

中国返回式卫星发展至今已有30 多年, 共发射了23 颗返回式卫星. 在多次返回式卫星任务中成功进行了大量的空间科学和技术实验. 本文首先概要介绍了中国返回式卫星的发展情况、技术特点、在返回式卫星上进行的空间科学实验情况; 其次, 介绍了卫星平台对有效载荷可提供的环境条件、服务支持以及载荷设备研制与卫星技术流程之间的匹配关系和接口要求; 最后, 对卫星平台的技术发展趋势与应用前景进行了展望.      

Ocean Observation from Haiyang Satellites: 2012–2014

During 2012 and 2014, China has two Haiyang(which means ocean in Chinese, referred to as HY) satellites operating normally in space which are HY-1B and HY-2A. HY-1B is an ocean color environment satellite which was launched in April 2007 to observe global ocean color and sea surface temperature, and HY-2A is an ocean dynamic environment satellite which was launched in August 2011 to obtain global marine dynamic environment parameters including sea surface height,significant wave height, ocean wind vectors, etc. Ocean observation data provided by HY-1B and HY-2A have been widely used by both domestic and international users in extensive areas such as ocean environment protection, ocean disaster prevention and reduction, marine environment forecast,ocean resource development and management, ocean investigations and scientific researches, etc.     

空间科学任务及其特点综述

人类进入太空以来已经发射了近1万个人造航天器,其中大约10%执行的是空间科学和探测任务.近年来中国经济快速发展,提供了更多的基础研究经费,经济转型也对创新驱动发展提出了更高需求,中国对空间科学的投入开始逐年增加.2015年以来先后成功发射了悟空号、实践十号、墨子号和慧眼号4颗科学卫星,天宫2号空间实验室也成功实施了一系列空间科学实验.重要科学发现和成果正在不断地产出.空间科学卫星任务（或称计划）与应用卫星从提出到评价都有很大不同,因此有必要对其所具有的特点进行分析,从而引导空间科学界从科学团队、技术团队到管理团队提高认识,确保未来的空间科学任务发挥最大效益,获得最大科学产出.      

Early analysis of precise orbit and clock offset determination for the satellites of the global BeiDou-3 system

Eight new-generation BeiDou satellites (BeiDou-3) have been launched into Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), allowing for global coverage since March 2018, and they are equipped with new hydrogen atomic clocks and updated rubidium clocks. Firstly, we analyzed the signals for the carrier-to-noise-density ratio (C/N0) and pseudorange multipath (MP) by using international GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Monitoring and Assessment System (iGMAS) station data, and found that B1C has a lower C/N0, and B2a has the same level of C/N0 as the B1I and B3I signals. For pseudorange multipath, compared with the BeiDou-2 satellites, the obvious systematic variation of MP scatters related to the elevation angle is greatly improved for the BeiDou-3 and BeiDou-3e satellites signals. For the signals of the BeiDou-3 satellites, the order of the Root Mean Square (RMS) values of multipath and noise is B3I?<?B1I?<?B2a?<?B1C. Then, the comparison of the precise orbit determination and clock offset determination for the BeiDou-2, BeiDou-3, and BeiDou-3 experimental (BeiDou-3e) satellites was done by using 10 stations from iGMAS. The 3D precision of the 24?h orbit overlap is 24.55, 25.61, and 23.35?cm for the BeiDou-3, BeiDou-3e, and BeiDou-2 satellites, respectively. BeiDou-3 satellite has a comparable precision to that of the BeiDou-2 satellite. For the precision of clock offset estimation, the Standard Deviation (STD) of the BeiDou-3 MEO satellite is 0.350?ns, which is an improvement of 0.042?ns over that of the BeiDou-2 MEO satellite. The stabilities of the BeiDou-3 and BeiDou-3e onboard clocks are better than those of BeiDou-2 by factors of 2.84 and 1.61 at an averaging time of 1000 and 10,000?s, respectively.