星表移动探测机器人研究现状综述

星表移动探测机器人是多学科、高新技术的结晶,用于非结构化环境中的星球表面探测,能有效减轻人类工作强度、保护人身安全以及代替人类完成恶劣环境下的科研探测工作,有着巨大的经济和社会效益。本文对已发射的探测器进行了统计,系统梳理了成功着陆月球、火星的探测机器人的技术参数、结构与机构组成等,综合对比了各国在星表移动探测机器人研制方面的技术状态。结合国内外的研究现状和成果,重点针对星表移动探测机器人移动系统的研究进行了梳理,将星表移动探测机器人从运动形式上划分为轮式、腿式、履带式及其他类型4种形式,对每类机器人的研究进展、技术参数、结构与机构形式、运动形态等进行了系统回顾和详细分析。结合星表移动探测机器人面临的探测任务及发展方向,对星表移动探测机器人未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

月面服务机器人研究进展及发展设想

针对我国后续无人月球探测和载人月球探测中巡视勘察、资源利用、设施建造等任务对多功能巡视作业功能的月面服务机器人的迫切需求,综述了国内外轮腿式、可重构、仿生、翻滚式、弹跳式等新概念月面机器人的研究进展;结合无人月球探测及有人月球探测的任务,分析了月面活动对机器人高效移动、载荷操作、月面组装等需求;在此基础上,提出了月面服务机器人向轮腿式、可重构、多机协同、人机协作等方面发展的设想。可为我国后续无人月球探测和载人月球探测提供参考和借鉴。     

星球表面着陆巡视一体化探测机器人研究进展

针对深空探测领域星球表面着陆巡视一体化的探测任务需求,全面而简要地回顾了国内外星球表面着陆巡视探测任务的发展历程,概述了在着陆过程中减速和缓冲减振方法及移动探测情况,指出了传统着陆巡视系统存在系统复杂、可靠性低、着陆缓冲装置的质量和体积占比高、着陆后姿态无法调整等局限,对比分析了着陆巡视一体化机器人的优势。在此基础上,分别综述了腿式移动机器人、风力驱动球形机器人、小型跳跃机器人和张拉整体机器人等具备着陆巡视一体化功能的机器人的研究进展;对各类机器人的性能特点进行了对比分析并给出了各自的适用范围;最后展望了未来星球表面着陆巡视一体化机器人的发展趋势,探讨了未来有待于进一步深入研究的难题及可能的解决途径。     

MSL测控特点以及自主火星探测测控关键技术

火星科学实验室任务测控通信与导航技术代表了目前该领域的最新方向。在结合火星科学实验室任务特点并对其对测控通信系统设计性能、导航性能进行分析的基础上,以未来的自主火星探测以及火星采样返回任务为潜在工程应用目标,结合我国月球和深空探测测控系统的现状,梳理了我国未来自主火星探测中火星中继网络、火星探测器精密定轨,以及火星大气进入、下降和着陆过程中的信号检测与估计等关键技术。该研究对后续的自主火星探测测控通信系统的设计具有一定的参考价值,对推进我国深空探测测控系统的发展具有重要意义。     

我国深空探测领域防热材料的进展与需求

我国深空探测任务的不断发展对航天器的防热技术提出了更高的要求,而先进的防热材料是防热技术发展的重要支撑。本文主要针对月球探测返回任务和火星探测任务,重点介绍了我国在防热材料领域所取得的研究进展,并对未来以火星与小天体探测返回、火星大气制动、以及近日探测为代表的深空探测任务中防热材料的发展和需求进行了展望。     

载人火星探测进展及其EDL过程GNC关键技术

随着火星探测技术的不断发展和探测任务的不断推进，载人火星探测在未来将会成为火星探测的重要手段。首先，回顾了无人火星探测任务的发展历程，对比分析了部分无人火星探测器进入、下降与着陆（EDL）过程的参数。然后，结合无人火星探测、载人月球探测和载人航天再入过程，梳理了载人火星探测的特点及需求，系统地总结了前苏联/俄罗斯和美国的载人火星探测研究进展以及技术储备。接着，归纳了载人火星探测的体系构成、集结方式和主要的技术挑战。最后，概括了载人火星EDL过程面临的难题，重点阐述了EDL的导航、制导与控制（GNC）关键技术。     

载人小行星探测的飞行模式简

基于载人小行星探测的任务背景,根据其基本的飞行阶段及任务特点,对其探测任务的飞行模式进行分析,其中包括探测器逃逸地球的飞行方式、小行星表面探测方式、返回与再入的飞行方式,重点研究小行星表面探测方式.对运载能力、技术难度、探测器质量规模进行了分析与比较,得出基于着陆对接口概念的近地＋对接着陆＋直接再入的较优的飞行模式,并将该模式进一步划分为9个飞行节点及6个主要飞行阶段,对其飞行过程进行了详细的描述.     

载人小行星探测的飞行模式

基于载人小行星探测的任务背景,根据其基本的飞行阶段及任务特点,对其探测任务的飞行模式进行分析,其中包括探测器逃逸地球的飞行方式、小行星表面探测方式、返回与再入的飞行方式,重点研究小行星表面探测方式。对运载能力、技术难度、探测器质量规模进行了分析与比较,得出基于着陆对接口概念的近地+对接着陆+直接再入的较优的飞行模式,并将该模式进一步划分为9个飞行节点及6个主要飞行阶段,对其飞行过程进行了详细的描述。     

天问一号任务的技术创新

天问一号在国际上首次通过一次任务实现火星环绕、着陆、巡视的3大目标,突破了多项关键技术。本文介绍了天问一号的任务概况和飞行进展,全面总结了任务取得的8类创新成就和突破的主要关键技术。具体包括：火星环绕、着陆、巡视3大任务强耦合的总体设计、多弹道地球逃逸轨道发射、行星际飞行与火星捕获控制、火星进入下降着陆、火星表面恶劣环境应对、4亿千米远距离测控通信、遥感与巡视探测先进载荷、火星环境建模与地面验证试验。天问一号任务取得圆满成功,使得中国在深空探测领域一举进入世界先进行列。     

月面机器人探测路线图及典型方案研究

月面机器人具有环境适应性好、工作时间长和安全性高等特点,是未来无人/载人月面探测中的重要支持系统。在分析整理国内外月面机器人探测历史与规划的基础上,梳理月面机器人探测任务需求。结合中国探月工程总体规划和技术水平,提出月球南极、中低纬度和月球背面月面机器人探测的路线图,并从科学价值、工程可行性等方面对各阶段着陆地点进行初选;详细阐述以水冰探测和生物学实验为主要目标的月球南极Shackleton山跨明暗界线探测方案,以及以人机联合探测、大深度地质钻探为特色的中低纬度海陆边界区探测的任务目标和系统方案,可为探月任务的实施提供参考和启示。     

Lunar photography: Techniques and results

Conclusion The lunar photography missions have included flyby, impacter, lander, and orbiter spacecrafts. These missions have provided photographs of the far side of the moon and a ten-fold increase in frontside resolution plus higher resolution of selected frontside areas. The resolutions which have been achieved vary from 1 m for the Lunar Orbiter to 1/2 m for the impacting Ranger to millimeters for Luna-IX and the Surveyors. The return from these missions have resolved much of the mystery surrounding the moon.The prime objective of the U.S. photographic missions has been the support of the Apollo-manned lunar landing program. The Ranger program, the Surveyor program, and the Lunar Orbiter program provided a logical progression in the utilization of a developing space exploration technology. These programs have provided the required information and have confirmed that the Apollo landing vehicle design is compatible with the conditions to be experienced on selected areas of the lunar surface.The future manned landing missions can be expected to provide additional lunar photography. Since the astronauts can be more selective in their photography, even more outstanding and informative results should be achieved. The addition of movies and even live television coverage will permit earth-based man to share more directly in the manned exploration of the moon.The unmanned photographic exploration of the moon has provided much of the technology required for similar missions to the planets. The U.S. Mariner-IV was the first successful mission to obtain close-up photographs of the planet Mars. It can be expected that both the U.S.A. and Russia will try for further photographic successes in the exploration of our solar system.This paper presents the results of one phase of research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under Contract No. NAS 7-100, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.     

The Delivery of Water During Terrestrial Planet Formation

The planetary building blocks that formed in the terrestrial planet region were likely very dry, yet water is comparatively abundant on Earth. Here we review the various mechanisms proposed for the origin of water on the terrestrial planets. Various in-situ mechanisms have been suggested, which allow for the incorporation of water into the local planetesimals in the terrestrial planet region or into the planets themselves from local sources, although all of those mechanisms have difficulties. Comets have also been proposed as a source, although there may be problems fitting isotopic constraints, and the delivery efficiency is very low, such that it may be difficult to deliver even a single Earth ocean of water this way. The most promising route for water delivery is the accretion of material from beyond the snow line, similar to carbonaceous chondrites, that is scattered into the terrestrial planet region as the planets are growing. Two main scenarios are discussed in detail. First is the classical scenario in which the giant planets begin roughly in their final locations and the disk of planetesimals and embryos in the terrestrial planet region extends all the way into the outer asteroid belt region. Second is the Grand Tack scenario, where early inward and outward migration of the giant planets implants material from beyond the snow line into the asteroid belt and terrestrial planet region, where it can be accreted by the growing planets. Sufficient water is delivered to the terrestrial planets in both scenarios. While the Grand Tack scenario provides a better fit to most constraints, namely the small mass of Mars, planets may form too fast in the nominal case discussed here. This discrepancy may be reduced as a wider range of initial conditions is explored. Finally, we discuss several more recent models that may have important implications for water delivery to the terrestrial planets.     

Below One Earth: The Detection, Formation, and Properties of Subterrestrial Worlds

The Solar System includes two planets—Mercury and Mars—significantly less massive than Earth, and all evidence indicates that planets of similar size orbit many stars. In fact, one of the first exoplanets to be discovered is a lunar-mass planet around a millisecond pulsar. Novel classes of exoplanets have inspired new ideas about planet formation and evolution, and these “sub-Earths” should be no exception: they include planets with masses between Mars and Venus for which there are no Solar System analogs. Advances in astronomical instrumentation and recent space missions have opened the sub-Earth frontier for exploration: the Kepler mission has discovered dozens of confirmed or candidate sub-Earths transiting their host stars. It can detect Mars-size planets around its smallest stellar targets, as well as exomoons of comparable size. Although the application of the Doppler method is currently limited by instrument stability, future spectrographs may detect equivalent planets orbiting close to nearby bright stars. Future space-based microlensing missions should be able to probe the sub-Earth population on much wider orbits. A census of sub-Earths will complete the reconnaissance of the exoplanet mass spectrum and test predictions of planet formation models, including whether low-mass M dwarf stars preferentially host the smallest planets. The properties of sub-Earths may reflect their low gravity, diverse origins, and environment, but they will be elusive: Observations of eclipsing systems by the James Webb Space Telescope may give us our first clues to the properties of these small worlds.     

Comparative study of lunar mission requirements and onboard propulsion system performance

In recent years, the lunar explorer programs, suspended for a long time, have resumed again with the rapid development of low cost and high-level technologies. As a result, several nations have made a success of lunar exploration programs with their own orbiters. Unlike a satellite orbiting the earth, the optimal design of an onboard propulsion system of a lunar orbiter is a major issue because it is not simple to make the orbiter arrive accurately at another planet far from the earth. Hence, a close attention is required to select and develop an appropriate type of the onboard propulsion system based on given mission requirements of a lunar orbiter. To do this, this study first surveys several lunar orbiters launched since 1990 and their major mission requirements. Then, it summarizes the technical trends of the onboard propulsion systems of the recent lunar orbiters and their key design and performance specifications through trade-off studies. By comparing these features, the present study investigates which lunar mission requirements are critically important, and how they can effect on the overall performance of an onboard propulsion system. Based on these investigations the major objective of the present study intends ultimately to set up a fundamental baseline in selecting and developing an appropriate type of onboard propulsion system of a lunar orbiter.     

空间机器人研究进展及技术挑战

空间机器人是实现空间操控自动化和智能化的使能手段之一,在无人及载人的空间科学探索活动中至关重要。首先,回顾了国际空间站舱内外机器人、中国空间站机器人、在轨自由飞行空间机器人等几类轨道空间机器人工程应用现状,以及已成功在轨应用月面机器人和火星机器人两类星表机器人系统的应用现状。其次,针对空间机器人后续日益复杂的任务需求,探讨了空间机器人在机构构型、关节驱动、末端操作、感知认知、行走移动、动力学与控制等方面面临的技术挑战。然后,论述了空间机器人在多臂、超冗余、柔性化、可重构、仿生等新型机构构型方面的探索,介绍了空间机器人主动、被动柔顺关节方面的研究进展,论述了空间机器人末端执行器在专用化工具及通用化多指灵巧手两个方向的研究进展,总结了星表机器人在新型移动机构构型、高自主导航方面的研究进展,介绍了空间机器人在多传感器集成融合、力与触觉感知方面的研究进展,论述了空间机器人在多臂协调控制、柔顺控制、漂浮基座抓捕动力学控制等方面的研究进展。最后,展望了空间机器人在空间目标抓捕与移除、高价值飞行器在轨服务与维修、空间大型构件在轨组装及星球科学探测等方面的应用前景。     

一种载人小行星探测目标星初选方法

针对载人小行星探测任务目标选取问题,通过对目标星选取影响因素的定量分析,提出了目标星初选方案。首先根据火箭的运载能力提出目标星轨道参数的筛选条件,然后根据地面观测和尺寸约束提出目标星绝对星等的要求,再根据结构的稳定性和温控要求提出目标星自旋周期的范围,最后按照科学价值并综合考虑其他因素建立目标星选取优化模型,得出目标星优选序列。根据提出的目标星初选方案和具体的任务需求进行载人小行星探测目标星选取,得出了目标星优选序列,证明了该方案合理、有效,为载人小行星探测提供一定的技术参考。