一种开放式模块化星载综合电子系统的设计与实现

为了提升卫星综合电子系统的标准化、通用化设计能力以及智能化、网络化应用水平，本文提出并设计了一种开放式模块化星载综合电子系统，通过了工程型号的实际应用验证。该综合电子系统以层次化的总线体系结构以及通用化的硬件模块、软件构件为基础构建形成一套标准服务功能包，能够根据不同的任务场景按需选装所需的功能单元，显著提升综合电子系统的货架式集成组装研制能力，同时借助统一的信息通信服务网络和软硬件基础组件，为综合电子系统的模块化升级扩展、设备级的功能重构与重组、系统级的故障容忍和恢复能力奠定了坚实的基础，为实现航天器整体的高质量、高效率、效益研制与运行提供了有力的技术支撑。     

International space station: : Ready to fly

The International Space Station (ISS) is no longer a paper program, focused on design, development and planning. It is an operational program, with hardware soon to be launched and ground systems in place. Additional modules, components and elements are now under construction in almost all of the 16 ISS International Partner and Participant countries, with metal being bent, software being written, and testing ongoing. Crew members for the first four crews are in training in the U.S. and Russia, with the first crew launching in mid 1999. Mission control centers are fully functioning in Houston and Moscow, with operations centers in St. Hubert, Darmstadt, Tsukuba, Turino, and Huntsville going on line as they are required.

The International Space Station, as the largest international civil program in history, features unprecedented technical, managerial, and international complexity. Seven international partners and participants encompassing 15 countries are involved in the ISS. Each partner is contributing and will be operating separate pieces of hardware, to be integrated on-orbit into a single orbital station. Mission control centers, launch vehicles, astronauts/cosmonauts, and support services will be provided by partners across the globe, but must function in a coordinated, integrated fashion. This paper will review the accomplishments of the ISS Program and each of the Partners and Participants over the past year, focusing on completed milestones and hardware. It will also give a status report on the development of the remainder of the ISS modules and components by each Partner and Participant, and discuss upcoming challenges.     

面向高速集成VPX架构的航天产品工艺技术验证及应用

针对高速集成VPX架构的航天产品研制需求,开展了VPX压接连接器的选用必要性分析、特点介绍、鱼眼端子结构设计和合理的PCB工艺方案设计,完成了高速集成VPX架构的工艺控制流程,开展了PCB孔径尺寸验证、连接器接触阻抗验证、连接器试验样品补充50次插拔试验、结构样机的试验验证和在轨应用验证等工作,结果表明：采用文章所述的PCB工艺方案和VPX架构的工艺控制流程,成功研制并在轨应用了某星载高速集成VPX架构数传智能处理器,充分验证了VPX压接连接器可以满足星载高可靠要求。未来,采用更高速率的VPX压接连接器,通过合理的航天产品工艺方案,研制更高速度和更高集成度的航天产品,进一步提升产品的功能性能。     

Canada and the International Space Station program: overview and status

The twelve months since IAF 2000 have been perhaps the most exciting, challenging and rewarding months for Canada since the beginning of our participation in the International Space Station program in 1984. The highlight was the successful launch, on-orbit check out, and the first operational use of Canadarm2, the Space Station Remote Manipulator System, between April and July 2001. The anomalies encountered and the solutions found to achieve this success are described in the paper. The paper describes, also, the substantial progress that has been made, during the twelve months since IAF 2000, by Canada as it continues to complete work on all flight-elements of its contribution to the International Space Station and as we transition into real-time Space Station operations support and Canadian utilization. Canada's contribution to the International Space Station is the Mobile Servicing System (MSS), the external robotic system that is key to the successful assembly of the Space Station, the maintenance of its external systems, astronaut EVA support, and the servicing of external science payloads. The MSS ground segment that supports MSS operations, training, sustaining engineering, and logistics activities is reaching maturity. The MSS Engineering Support Center and the MSS Sustaining Engineering Facility are providing real-time support for on-orbit operations, and a Canadian Payloads Telescience Operations Center is now in place. Mission Controllers, astronauts and cosmonauts from all Space Station Partners continue to receive training at the Canadian Space Agency. The Remote Multi Purpose Room, one element of the MSS Operations Complex, will be ready to assume backroom support in 2002. Canada has completed work on identifying its Space Station utilization activities for the period 2000 through 2004. Also during the past twelve months the CSA drafted and is proceeding with the approval of a Canadian Space Station Commercialization Policy. Canadian astronauts have now participated in three ISS assembly missions--Julie Payette on STS-96, Marc Garneau on STS-97, and Chris Hadfield on STS-100 in April 2001 during which he performed Canada's first EVA and the successful installation of the Space Station Remote Manipulator System.     

国际空间站集成ECLSS/TCS试验综述

空间站集成ECLSS/TCS（环境控制与生命保障系统/热控系统）试验是一种系统级常压试验,用于单舱或多舱整体性能的鉴定和验收。文章介绍了国际空间站的环境试验标准,以及国际空间站计划中美国、欧洲及日本的集成ECLSS/TCS试验发展情况,主要包括试验项目、试验功能及试验平台组成等。根据国际空间站集成ECLSS/TCS试验的特点,提出了我国发展该项试验的建议。     

国际空间站上使用的两种计算机

欧空局为国际空间站研制了两个新型的计算机 :容错计算机 ( FTC)和标准有效载荷计算机 ( SPLC) ,它们可以满足空间站对计算机的需要 ,可以方便地构成各分种布式数据管理结构。文中介绍这两种不同类型的计算机设计     

Development and verification of ground-based tele-robotics operations concept for Dextre

The Special Purpose Dextreous Manipulator (Dextre) is the latest addition to the on-orbit segment of the Mobile Servicing System (MSS); Canada's contribution to the International Space Station (ISS). Launched in March 2008, the advanced two-armed robot is designed to perform various ISS maintenance tasks on robotically compatible elements and on-orbit replaceable units using a wide variety of tools and interfaces. The addition of Dextre has increased the capabilities of the MSS, and has introduced significant complexity to ISS robotics operations. While the initial operations concept for Dextre was based on human-in-the-loop control by the on-orbit astronauts, the complexities of robotic maintenance and the associated costs of training and maintaining the operator skills required for Dextre operations demanded a reexamination of the old concepts. A new approach to ISS robotic maintenance was developed in order to utilize the capabilities of Dextre safely and efficiently, while at the same time reducing the costs of on-orbit operations. This paper will describe the development, validation, and on-orbit demonstration of the operations concept for ground-based tele-robotics control of Dextre. It will describe the evolution of the new concepts from the experience gained from the development and implementation of the ground control capability for the Space Station Remote Manipulator System; Canadarm 2. It will discuss the various technical challenges faced during the development effort, such as requirements for high positioning accuracy, force/moment sensing and accommodation, failure tolerance, complex tool operations, and the novel operational tools and techniques developed to overcome them. The paper will also describe the work performed to validate the new concepts on orbit and will discuss the results and lessons learned from the on-orbit checkout and commissioning of Dextre using the newly developed tele-robotics techniques and capabilities.     

基于LabWindows动态链接库技术的航天器有效载荷通用测试系统的开发研究

航天器有效载荷产品的生产研制具有种类多、批次多、批量小等特点。为了提升有效载荷产品自动测试系统的软件灵活性,以应对测试项目复杂性增加所带来的挑战,提出了一种基于动态链接库技术的测试系统软件架构。该架构具备线程管理、仪器资源管理和测试序列编辑的功能,通过三层动态链接库的关联结构设计实现了自动测试系统中用户管理、业务逻辑和仪器控制的软件功能,同时给出了系统架构中各个模块的详细设计方案,最后通过产品测试验证了系统功能。提出的基于动态链接库技术组成的系统架构具有更小的程序粒度和良好的扩展性。通过三层动态链接库模块之间的灵活配置与重构,使得测试系统软件整体功能得到不断升级,极大地满足了当前航天有效载荷产品生产研制对于集成测试系统的需求,从而为航天器测试系统架构设计提供了的一种新思路。     

美国载人航天商业运输的发展

研究了美国载人航天商业运输的发展现状和趋势。美国在取消星座计划之后,实施商业乘员和货物项目,将依靠商业运输器实现＂国际空间站＂的乘员和货物运输,以缩短＂后航天飞机＂时代（航天飞机退役后）运输的断档期。美国商业乘员和货物项目包括商业轨道运输服务（COTS）计划、商业再补给服务（CRS）计划和商业乘员开发（CCDev）计划...     

Long-term operation of "Orlan" space suits in the "Mir" orbiting station: experience obtained and its application

The started assembly of the International Space Station (ISS) and its further operation will call for a great number of extravehicular activity sorties (EVA) to be performed by ISS crews. Therefore, of great importance is to make use of the EVA experience gained by cosmonauts in the process of 15-year operation of the Mir orbiting station (OS). Over the 15-year period, Mir crewmembers wearing Orlan type semi-rigid space suits have accumulated 158 man/sorties from the orbiting station. Crewmembers used 15 suits in orbit and some of the suits were in operation for more than 3 years. The paper presents principal design features, which provide effective and safe operation of orbit-based suits, and briefly describes procedures for preparation and maintenance of suit systems, which ensure long-term operation of space suit in orbit. The paper gives results of the space suit modifications, presents suit performance characteristics and lists novel or upgraded components of the space suit and its systems. The paper also summarizes improvements in the Orlan type suits described in some earlier publications. They refer, in the first run, to the improvement of space suit operations characteristics and reliability, and the utilization of the Orlan type space suit in the ISS program. The paper analyses the experience gained and drawbacks detected and observations made, and gives statistical data on long-term space suit operations aboard the Mir station. The paper reviews certain problems in the process of EVAs performed from the station, and describes the ways of their solution as applied to the further utilization of the suit within the ISS program.     

End-to-end validation process for the INTA-Nanosat-1B Attitude Control System

This paper describes the end-to-end validation process for the Attitude Control Subsystem (ACS) of the satellite INTA-NanoSat-1B (NS-1B). This satellite was launched on July 2009 and it has been fully operative since then. The development of its ACS modules required an exhaustive integration and a system-level validation program. Some of the tests were centred on the validation of the drivers of sensors and actuators and were carried out over the flying model of the satellite. Others, more complex, constituted end-to-end tests where the concurrency of modules, the real-time control requirements and even the well-formedness of the telemetry data were verified. This work presents an incremental and highly automatised way for performing the ACS validation program based on two development suites and an end-to-end validation environment. The validation environment combines a Flat Satellite (FlatSat) configuration and a real-time emulator working in closed-loop. The FlatSat is built using the NS-1B Qualification Model (QM) hardware and it can run a complete version of the on-board software with the ACS modules fully integrated. The real-time emulator, running on an industrial PC, samples the actuation signals and emulates the sensors signals to close the control loop with the FlatSat. This validation environment constitutes a low-cost alternative to the classical three axes tilt table, with the advantage of being easily configured for working under specific orbit conditions, in accordance with any of the selected tests. The approach has been successfully applied to the NS-1B in order to verify different ACS modes under multiple orbit scenarios, providing an exhaustive coverage and reducing the risk of eventual errors during the satellite's lifetime. The strategy was applied also during the validation of the maintenance and reconfiguration procedures required once the satellite was launched. This paper describes in detail the complete ACS validation process that was performed and it shows the most relevant errors detected and fixed during testing. Finally it summarises some of the most significant conclusions.     

宽频段一体化硬件处理平台设计

为解决传统通讯卫星面临的问题,针对微纳卫星发展趋势和方向,将具备核心功能的载荷微小型化,提出了一种宽频段多功能一体化硬件平台设计方案,搭建的硬件平台具有体积小、重量轻、功耗低、集成度高、可重构的特点。为解决传统硬件平台功能固化,不能满足功能多、快速响应的问题,提出了一种基于软件无线电设计思想,构建宽频带可重构通用信号处理平台,最大限度使功能软件化,通过加载存储芯片中不同程序实现不同的算法功能,通过一体化设计有效实现高功能密度,大幅度地降低成本,缩短研制周期,通过部组件产品模块化、接口标准化,制定即插即用标准规范,从而构建面向不同应用场合和需求的硬件平台,为传统硬件平台提供了一种新思路,是未来硬件平台的发展趋势。     

Ground and on-orbit command and data handling architectures for the Active Rack Isolation System microgravity flight experiment

The Active Rack Isolation System [ARIS] International Space Station [ISS] Characterization Experiment, or ARIS-ICE for short, is a long duration microgravity characterization experiment aboard the ISS. The objective of the experiment is to fully characterize active microgravity performance of the first ARIS rack deployed on the ISS. Efficient ground and on-orbit command and data handling [C&DH] segments are the crux in achieving the challenging objectives of the mission. The objective of the paper is to provide an overview of the C&DH architectures developed for ARIS-ICE, with the view that these architectures may serve as a model for future ISS microgravity payloads. Both ground and on-orbit segments, and their interaction with corresponding ISS C&DH systems are presented. The heart of the on-orbit segment is the ARIS-ICE Payload On-orbit Processor, ARIS-ICE POP for short. The POP manages communication with the ISS C&DH system and other ISS subsystems and payloads, enables automation of test/data collection sequences, and provides a wide range of utilities such as efficient file downlinks/uplinks, data post-processing, data compression and data storage. The hardware and software architecture of the POP is presented and it is shown that the built-in functionality helps to dramatically streamline the efficiency of on-orbit operations. The ground segment has at its heart special ARIS-ICE Ground Support Equipment [GSE] software developed for the experiment. The software enables efficient command and file uplinks, and reconstruction and display of science telemetry packets. The GSE software architecture is discussed along with its interactions with ISS ground C&DH elements. A test sequence example is used to demonstrate the interplay between the ground and on-orbit segments.     

Dextre: Improving maintenance operations on the International Space Station

The Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM), known as “Dextre”, is currently slated to launch in February 2008 for deployment on the International Space Station (ISS) as the final component of Canada's Mobile Servicing System (MSS). Dextre's primary role on the Space Station is to perform repair and replacement (R&R) maintenance tasks on robotically compatible hardware such as Orbital Replaceable Units (ORUs), thereby eventually easing the burden on the ISS crew.This burden on the on-orbit crew translates practically into crew time being a limited resource on the ISS, and as such, finding ways to assist the crew in performing their tasks or offloading the crew completely when appropriate is a bonus to the ISS program. This is already accomplished very effectively by commanding as many non-critical robotics tasks as possible, such as powering up and free-space maneuvering of the Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS), known as “Canadarm2”, from the Ground.Thus, beyond its primary role, and based on an increasing clarity regarding the challenges of external maintenance on the ISS, Dextre is being considered for use in a number of ways with the objective of improving ISS operations while reducing and optimizing the use of crew time through the use of ground control for various tasks, pre-positioning hardware, acting as a temporary storage platform to break an Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) day into manageable timelines, and extending the physical reach and range of the Canadarm2.This paper discusses the planned activities and operations for Dextre an rationale for how these will help optimize the use of crew resources on the ISS.     

“凤凰”计划关键技术及其启示

为了充分利用地球静止轨道(GEO)的轨道资源,美国于2012年启动了针对GEO卫星的重复利用验证计划——"凤凰"计划。文章介绍了"凤凰"计划的概况,重点对其系统组成、任务等方面进行了介绍,归纳了其中的关键技术,如模块卫星总体设计技术、无线能源传输技术和新型在轨捕获技术等。最后,给出了美国发展在轨服务的若干启示:卫星重用将带来航天器发展的重大变革,注重创新技术开发等。     

An innovative approach for distributed and integrated resources planning for the Space Station Freedom

The widely distributed nature of the Space Station Freedom program, plus continuous multi-year operations will force program planners to develop innovative planning concepts. The traditional centralized planning operation will not be adequate. It will be replaced by multiple small planning centers working within guidelines issued by a central planning authority. Plans will not be optimized; rather, operating efficiency and user flexibility will be blended to satisfy program goals. The key to this new approach is the application of new planning methodologies and system development technologies to accommodate distributed resources that must be integrated. Resources will be distributed to the multiple planning entities in such a way that, when the several plans are built and then integrated, they will fit together with minimal modification. The plan itself will be an envelope schedule containing resource limits and constraint boundaries within which users will be free to make choices of the specific activities they will execute, up to the time of execution. Some level of margin within program guidelines will be built in to allow for variation and unforeseen change. This paper presents the authors' recommended planning approach and cites two NASA systems being developed that will utilize these resource distribution/integration planning concepts, methodologies and development technologies.     

信息集成在航天运输控制系统中的应用研究

文章从信息集成的角度提出四项一体化设计方法。制导与弹道的一体化设计,采用联立法实现用统一的架构解决复杂约束下飞行器自主动态轨迹规划问题。结果表明这种架构能够灵活处理各种约束条件并具有很高的控制精度,后续的重点是进一步提高计算效率。自检测BIT与地面测试的一体化设计,通过基于高速测量总线的窃听技术、基于模型和数据驱动的自动判读技术以及系统在回路的综合测试技术,实现快速发射和减少技术保障人员的目标,并已逐步开始应用。控制与测量系统的一体化设计,通过平台化的设计方案实现功能模块的集成、重用和重组,降低开发成本,避免重复投资。模型驱动的软硬件一体化设计,通过构建软硬件协同设计平台,实现算法、软件、硬件的并行设计和综合仿真,为系统方案的选择提供定量分析工具。上述信息集成技术为基础理论研究、系统实现和设计方法学等提供新的思路,提升控制系统的自主性和适应性,拓展控制系统的作用,增强快速反应能力,并能有效降低成本。     

环境减灾-1A、1B卫星供配电测试系统设计

描述了环境减灾-1A、1B卫星供配电测试系统的设计与构建方法,系统采用一套设备完成了双星的测试任务,具有集成度、可靠性高等特点。文章首先介绍了HJ-1A、1B双星供配电测试系统的硬件架构,主要包括数字量采集与控制集成化措施,基于星地隔离与卫星安全的内部功能模块设计方法,以及作为自动化测试对测试设备统筹管理的远程控制功能实现方法;其次介绍了控制与采集软件的结构与功能设计,以及软件设计过程中所采取的抗干扰措施;最后提出了供配电测试系统的设计原则,可为后续测试设备的设计提供理论与工程基础。     

基于产品数据结构的CAPP、MES、AVIDM 集成技术研究

针对总装生产管理的特点和业务需要,文章对CAPP、MES、AVIDM之间的集成思路、集成目标、集成方案和应用效果进行了介绍。此集成方案主要是基于统一的产品数据结构,实现CAPP与AVIDM之间的产品结构树、审批流程的集成,CAPP与MES之间的数据传递模式集成。通过对CAPP、MES、AVIDM的集成,有效地提升总装生产数据管理的质量和效率,促进了航天器总装生产的信息化能力提升。     

延迟/中断容忍网络技术及其在行星际因特网中的应用

延迟/中断容忍网络(DTN)采用一种新的端到端的覆盖层网络体系结构,是实现行星际因特网(IPN)的一种重要技术途径。文章首先论述了DTN应用于航天的几种网络协议的特点,包括束协议、利克里德传输协议(LTP)、空间数据系统咨询委员会文件传输协议(CFDP)和Saratoga协议,并分析了DTN路由算法的特点和DTN网络软件的实现,然后总结了NASA在遥感、空间站、中继通信和深空探测等任务情景下进行的DTN飞行验证试验的技术特点。针对我国未来天基综合信息网建设的需求,提出了DTN技术在体系结构、汇聚层协议、路由算法和网关节点设计方面值得关注的问题。