An imaging telescope for high energy gamma-ray astronomy

Recent tests of a γ-ray imaging telescope, which incorporated a coded aperture mask and multi-wire proportional counter system produced good images of a tritium target source which was used to generate the 20 MeV protons at a proton Van de Graaff accelerator. This paper indicates what performance one might expect if a large area drift chamber were used in conjunction with a coded aperture mask. The prospects for achieving significant scientific results if such a system were flown on a variety of space vehicles are discussed.     

An imaging telescope for soft gamma ray astronomy

A telescope capable of producing images of the gamma ray sky in the energy range 0.2–20 MeV with an angular resolution of a few tenths of a degree is presented. This capability is achieved by means of a large array of Sodium Iodide position sensitive elements together with a coded imaging mask. The expected performance, derived from calculations and preliminary laboratory tests, is described.     

日冕能量中性原子编码调制成像方法应用

针对空间天气活动机理、机制及规律等方面研究需要，Kuafu卫星计划提出对日冕中性原子进行成像观测.通过分析日冕中性原子观测的科学意义和观测方法，采用编码调制方法进行日冕中性原子成像，并依据科学指标完成了整个仪器初步方案设计和仿真计算.仪器测量的中性原子能量范围为0.5~6MeV，视场范围为360°×10°.利用高压静电偏转电极板去除测量范围内的带电粒子，仪器由m序列编码调制栅网与硅半导体构成的成像结构及电子学箱共同组成.编码成像方案和仿真计算奠定了日冕中性原子成像观测的技术基础，可为空间天气中长期规律及预报等研究提供技术手段.      

The SIGMA mission

SIGMA, a hard X-ray/medium energy gamma ray (30 keV-2 MeV) imaging experiment, is being designed and constructed to attain an angular resolution of the order of 1 arcminute, and a sensitivity of several milliCrabs. The instrument uses a position sensitive detector of the Anger camera variety, and a two dimensional coded mask. The results of the instrument definition study are presented; a flight model will be constructed for a late 1987 launch.     

编码孔径中红外光谱成像系统的光谱重构算法

针对一款基于双DMD的光谱维编码中波红外光谱成像系统的应用需求,在经典的Hadamard变换完备编码理论基础上,提出了一种具有最大信噪比增益的编码矩阵。结合基于双DMD的光谱维编码中波红外光谱成像系统的光路结构和工作原理,探讨了光谱维DMD所加载的编码模板的设计方法。建立了区块化光谱重构算法的数学模型,并进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,原理样机在具有良好的光谱成像能力的基础上,能够实现较高实时性的凝视成像,其在低光谱分辨率模式下光谱数据立方体帧频能够达到22.35帧/s,验证了区块化光谱重构算法的有效性。     

一种形状自适应的嵌入式小波图像编码器

形状自适应的小波变换编码可以编码任意形状的物体,不但保持了物体的纹理信息,而且编码不会带来不必要的冗余.但是当对任意形状的物体进行小波变换时,会由于变换序列的长度、下采样位置的不同而带来一些变化.文章利用懒小波对任意形状的掩膜进行变换,并且采用9-7滤波器的提升小波形式,很好地解决了这些问题.最终通过修正的形状自适应的SPIHT算法,对任意形状物体的内部纹理进行编码压缩.与原始算法相比,性能提高了大约0.2 dB.      

Wide field cameras for SAX

SAX is an Italian X-ray satellite with a Dutch contribution that will be placed in orbit in 1994. The prime scientific object of SAX is to cover an energy bandwidth that ranges from 0.1 keV up to 200 keV. Among other instruments, SAX will consist of two X-ray Wide Field Cameras built by the Space Research Organisation Netherlands at Utrecht. The WFCs are based on the coded mask principle, the reconstruction of the image takes place on ground. The field of view is 20 degrees square full width at half maximum (FWHM), the angular resolution 5 arcminutes (FWHM) and the energy band ranges from 1.8 to 30 keV with a resolution of 18% at 6 keV. The sensitive area is 200 cm² at 6 keV. The mask pattern is based on a pseudo random array with 255 × 257 elements of 1 mm², 50% of which are transparent.     

X-ray imaging techniques— modulation collimator and coded mask

Imaging over the hard X-ray energy band may be achieved by masking the flux with proper obstacles. The imaging modulation collimator has been developed and has been applied thus far, e.g., to produce hard X-ray pictures of the solar flare and to construct the X-ray image of the Crab Nebula up to the angular resolution of ～ 10 arcsec. Variations of the concept such as the Fourier Transform Telescope are discussed. Virtue of the modulation collimator is that high angular resolution may be achieved with a relatively simple detector system and that a wide field of view may be accomodated. Among several proposed coded masks, the techniques of Hadamard transform are discussed in some details. The coded mask is provided with a better total transmission, but its angular resolution is limited due to presently limited spatial resolution of the detector. Developments of the technique of the position sensitive detector are awaited for further improvements of the resolution.     

The observations of AGNs in the 40–1300 keV energy range by the SIGMA telescope

The SIGMA telescope realizes images of the sky in the hard X-ray domain (40 keV–1.3 MeV) through a coded mask system. The extragalactic study was one of the main objectives and has brought new results in our knowledge of the Active Galactic Nuclei behavior at high energy.

In fact, the variability is the most important factor as all these objects have been showed to display strong evolution in intensity or/and spectral shape. Moreover, the discovery of a new hard X-ray source close to 3C273 and probably strongly absorbed below 40–50 keV could have many consequences in the extragalactic field.     

基于相位匹配的大视场视觉检测系统

针对三维测量大量程和高精度测量问题,提出一种新型双目视觉检测系统.该系统通过向被测物投射间距可变的光栅条纹,将不同曲率的被测表面进行相位编码,由相位匹配得到被测物稠密的立体匹配点云;再由标定出的摄像机内外参数计算出被测物的精确三维坐标.为了解决传感器单元测量区域较小的问题,系统通过步进电机控制传感器移动,获取大型物体的全场三维数据点云;最后利用四元素法,实现大型物体的三维数据拼接.该系统长度测量标准差为36 μm,角度测量与坐标测量机(CMM)测量结果的相对误差0.2％.给出了某V型面三维实测的数据重建结果.对某大型特件(360 mm×300 mm)经过三维拼接正确复现了其三维形貌.该系统对于解决大型构件三维形貌的在线高精度检测问题具有较高工程应用价值.      

Imaging systems using modulation and coded aperture masks

The advent of improved γ-ray telescopes which incorporate high angular resolution imaging properties and adequate sensitivity will advance this branch of astronomy from the discovery phase to the exploratory phase. As in other fields, such as radio and X-ray astronomy, which have recently undergone this change, it will prove a fascinating era. The recent development of position sensitive γ-ray detection planes operated in conjunction with a suitable coded aperture mask have made γ-ray telescopes feasible which are capable of generating γ-ray images of the sky with a precision of 1 arc minute over the photon energy range 0.1 to 10 MeV. With a sensitivity of at least 1–10 milliCrab and scintillation standard spectral resolution not only can a large number of discrete γ-ray objects be identified and studied in detail but nuclear γ-ray line images of extended objects such as the Galactic Plane, Cloud Complexes, and supernovae remnants may be generated by this class of astronomical instrument.     

面向低视角场面监视的移动目标速度测量

为构建有效的机场场面视觉监视系统，提出了一种基于特征点持续跟踪与分析的移动目标速度测量方法。首先，利用场面几何特征对摄像机进行标定；然后，基于光流场对图像运动区域的特征点进行持续跟踪，在此基础上通过特征点轨迹聚类区分不同移动目标；最后，根据特征点高度与运动距离完成速度测量。所提方法能够利用机场场面摄像机获取的低视角单目视频图像，对移动目标的运动速度进行准确测量。基于广州白云国际机场的场面运行视频进行了仿真分析，验证了所提方法在低视角速度测量方面的可行性与优势。      

A novel visual servo method for space manipulators by planning jerk

A novel trajectory planning method for space manipulators is proposed in this article, which can generate trajectory in Cartesian space with continuous joint jerk. The key idea is that, given the desired position for an individual joint, the corresponding joint trajectory is generated in a way like a controller. The generated jerk acts as the controller’s output driving an ideal third-order system to arrive at the desired position, with no need for discrete points in advance. In real applications, the visual servo task is accomplished hierarchically. Since the desired pose in Cartesian space measured by cameras concerns multi degrees of freedom (DOF), desired positions for individual joints are obtained by inverse-kinematics model. Then, joint trajectories are generated as above. To improve the trajectory’s smoothness, a bridging matrix is implemented to ensure that the desired pose varies continuously. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method is effective to track targets with different kinds of motion, i.e. can track the input-bounded signal asymptotically.     

A directional gamma-ray telescope using coded aperture techniques

A directional detector for γ-ray astronomy has been developed to image sources in the energy range 0.1 to 5 MeV. An array of 35 gain stabilized bismuth germanate detectors, together with a coded aperture mask based on a Uniformly Redundant Array (URA), allows imaging in 4° square sky bins over a 16° X 24° field-of-view. The position of a strong point source, such as the Crab Nebula, can be determined to within ?1°. A complementary “anti-mask” greatly reduces systematic effects arising from non-uniform background rates amongst the detectors. The telescope has an effective area of 190 cm² and an energy resolution of 19.5% FWHM at 662 keV. Results of laboratory tests of the imaging system, including the ability to image multiple sources, uniformity of response over the field-of-view, and the effect of the “anti-mask”, are in good agreement with computer simulations. Features of the flight detector system are described and results of laboratory tests and computer simulations are reviewed. A balloon flight of the telescope is planned for the fall of 1982.     

多通道投影图像的几何自动拼接技术

以低端摄像头产品为测量元件构造了实用的可扩展的多通道投影图像自动拼接系统;利用二次校准方法细化求解一致性矩阵,在投影屏幕上实现了多通道投影图像间的几何无缝拼接;特征图案的正确选择和二次校准方法最大限度地降低了摄像头性能对校准精度的影响;在满足相邻投影图像有重叠区域和摄像头能拍摄到重叠区域两个基本条件时,系统可实现自动拼接校准.实验表明,二次校准方法使校准时间明显缩短,使校准精度达到了亚像素级;低端摄像头、高效率的特征提取方法和一致性矩阵求解算法使系统扩展成本大大降低.      

Hard X-ray astronomy from balloons

The region of the electromagnetic spectrum between 15 keV and 300 keV is the first high energy photon band available to the astronomer at balloon altitudes. It also represents the point at which a change in experimental technique is required since grazing incidence X-ray mirrors, and, apart from the use of xenon, gas proportional counters become impracticable Thin, actively shielded sodium iodide detectors form the mainstream X-ray detection units. Directionality is achieved by means of honeycomb and modulation collimators. However as suitable position sensitive planes are developed it is possible to anticipate the increasing usage of the coded aperture mask as the key element for fine angular imaging. Balloon-borne hard X-ray telescopes tend to deploy larger sensitive areas than their satellite cousins, and for this reason, with suitably fast timing of the data, may be used to study the classes of objects which exhibit rapid temporal X-ray intensity variations. Spectral studies are also of great astrophysical importance in this range. Apart from the interest in neutron star line emissions, observations in the soft X-ray region have invariably left doubts as to the true nature of the local production mechanisms for specific objects, this is due to the lack of precise definition of the spectral shape of the emissions, particularly at higher photon energies experimental techniques. The usage of balloons and related astrophysical problems are reviewed.     

NICMOS: A second generation infrared instrument for the hubble space telescope

NICMOS (the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer) is a second generation scientific instrument for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Three cryogenic cameras with 256x256 HgCdTe arrays provide diffraction limited imaging throughout the 0.8 – 2.5 μm spectral region. Grisms in one of the cameras produces multi-object spectroscopy for all objects in the field. Coronagraphic and polarization capabilities round out the NICMOS modes of operation. Scheduled for launch on the second HST maintenance mission in 1997, NICMOS has a five year on-orbit cryogenic lifetime.     

三维型面非接触测量系统现场标定技术

针对双眼视觉传感器三维型面测量系统,介绍了一种利用平面标靶实现系统标定的方法.标定过程无需辅助设备,仅要求两个摄像机同时拍摄一幅标定板图像,利用标定板上的控制点计算左右图像对应的单应性矩阵.结合进化策略优化左右主像点,从单应性矩阵中获得测量系统的其他标定参数.同传统定标方法相比,该方法简单、快捷,适用于现场标定.      

基于图像模拟的HJ星CCD相机交叉定标

针对同一HJ-1星的两台CCD相机,提出基于图像模拟的交叉辐射定标方法:通过建立两台CCD相机图像DC值的数学关系,以获取地面目标图像的已定标的CCD为标准对未同时获取图像的待定标的CCD进行交叉定标,得到了2008年10月A2CCD和B2CCD的定标系数.利用贡格尔场野外实验数据和敦煌场的MODIS数据对定标系数进行真实性检验,并对该方法的主要误差来源进行了分析.结果表明,交叉定标具有较高的精度和可信度,可以在保证定标精度的同时,提高定标的频次.     

CCD相机取样问题探讨

从理论上对ＣＣＤ相机的取样问题进行了探讨,分析了光学取样和电路取样的关系, 并提出了取样电路的设计思路。