机载雷达告警器试飞技术探讨

本文从雷达威胁源的选择原则、实施方法、数据选取方法、精度基准等方面,论述了最大告警距离和测向精度飞行试验方法。     

陀螺经纬仪在大型航天产品精测中的应用

陀螺经纬仪通常是做某一方向与当地大地北向的方位角关系测量用。文章针对“天宫一号”目标飞行器精测中遇到的问题,即高空不同平台间两台设备需要姿态关系测量的需求,通过对陀螺经纬仪测量原理的研究,借助大地坐标系作为中间传递坐标系,解决了经纬仪测量因互瞄被遮挡无法建立基准镜坐标系间关系的问题。测量误差分析结果验证了这种新方法的可行性,该方法可用于大型航天产品设备安装精度的测量。     

固体火箭发动机飞行比冲的再现

飞行时的发动机平均比冲通过以加速度为基础的再现火箭速度来计算,推导比冲公式使用的模型中,考虑了推进剂和惰性物质的排放量、理想飞行速度方程及计算的速度损失。但是,一些固体火箭发动机出现了尚不明了的地面与飞行间的比冲损失。求大力神—4固体助推器比冲的经验表明:燃烧过程中比冲的变化可以计算这部分损失。推导了变化比冲的理想速度方程并加以讨论,指出比冲变化的原因。     

天鹰四号气象火箭系统

天鹰四号(TY-4)火箭探空系统是一套高空气象探测综合设备,该系统由火箭及发射系统、探空仪、气象雷达、数据处理系统组成。该系统已成功进行了飞行试验。     

弹道导弹再入飞行对雷达隐身空域分析

根据弹道导弹飞行的弹道、末段搜索雷达的布置位置以及导弹再入飞行时相对雷达方向的RCS值以及雷达最大作用距离等情况，对弹道导弹飞行时相对搜索雷达的隐身空域、时域等进行了分析、计算。提出了分析、计算的方法，并对假设的样例进行了分析、计算，最后简要概述了拓宽导弹隐身空域的几种途径。     

运载火箭飞行测量数据误差分析的小波方法

以提高火箭飞行跟踪测量数据处理精度为目的。结合弹道处理的实际，将小波理论运用于火箭弹道测最数据的分析。本文首先针对火箭飞行弹道测量数据的特征，应用小波理论建立了弹道测量数据事后误差分析处理方法的杠架模型，创建了雷达测量数据诸元的多项式和B样条时序分析模型，提出并验证了雷达测量数据的随机分布模型；其次，对受到噪声干扰时间段数据模型出现严重病态的情况，建立了基于多项式拟合和B样条函数选取有限时间段拟合的火箭弹道建模和预测的二次建模方法；最后，利用所提出的分析处理方法对某次任务两个测量站雷达弹道测量数据的分析，处理效果显著，精度理想。实验验证了上述方法是一种理想的弹道测量数据事后误差分析处理方法。     

运载火箭飞行测量数据奇异点检测和降噪处理的小波方法

以提高火箭飞行测量数据处理精度为主要目的,结合弹道处理的实际,将小波理论运用于火箭弹道测量数据的分析。首先,在对信号奇异性、小波方法检测信号奇异点原理探讨的基础上,通过对火箭飞行外弹道测量数据奇异性的分析,确定了用于火箭飞行数据奇异点检测的小波函数的选取原则,提出了对跟踪测量数据奇异性点准确定位和分析其奇异性类型的方法;其次,为提高处理火箭飞行弹道的光滑度,深入探讨了弹道测量数据的小波消噪方法,结合雷达跟踪测量数据的实际分析和处理情况,就数据是否处于火箭在级间分离段提出了不同的处理方法。该算法原理简捷,计算复杂度较低,易实现。最后,通过对某试测的两个测量站雷达弹道测量数据的分析处理,论证了上述方法的正确性,取得了明显的效果。     

微重力火箭设计中减旋方案等问题

讨论了一种微重力火箭总体设计中减旋方案，飞行载荷，气动加热与壁温计算等几个关键问题。结合该火箭的具体特点，提出了一种简单实用的被动式减旋措施，即，安装反旋尾翼及辅助减旋机构，并分析了减旋与动稳定性的关系。对超高音速火箭的飞行载荷和气动热进行了分析计算。     

某跟踪雷达距离测量数据不稳定的研究

针对某跟踪雷达在试验中出现的距离测量数据不稳定的现象，进行了理论分析和试验，确认故障源于雷达的距离自动跟踪系统。通过进一步的研究，证明了原设计中的采样脉冲移动量化不正确，并从软件和硬件两个方面采取了相应的改进措施。飞行试验表明，改进后的雷达测距精度满足系统的要求。     

乌鲁木齐机场盲降设备顺利通过飞行校验

7月22日，中国民航总局飞行校验中心完成了对乌鲁木齐机场两套盲降设备的飞行校验。由于乌鲁木齐机场东航向台搬迁到新址。需要重新进行盲降设备投产校验，中国民航总局飞行校验中心派出机号为3582的“空中国王”飞机对乌鲁木齐机场两套盲降设备进行了飞行校验，此次飞行技验从18日开始，历时5天。     

A fast numerical approach for Whipple shield ballistic limit analysis

Whipple shield is widely used on manned spacecraft, numerical simulation is an important way for obtaining the ballistic limit. The large population of particles and the large space span of Whipple shield simulation model restrict the computational efficiency. A fast numerical approach is presented for Whipple shield ballistic limit analysis. First, the critical penetration analysis of the rear walls is converted into specific impulse analysis delivered by the secondary debris cloud, because the maximum of specific impulse is the main determinant of the penetration. The dual plate simulation model is then converted into single plate model and the population of particles is reduced. Second, based on the isotropic expansion theory of secondary debris cloud, the specific impulse analysis is further converted into particle position and velocity analysis when the stable secondary debris formed. The space span of the simulation model is reduced. An example of Whipple shield ballistic limit analysis is provided for the verification of the fast numerical approach, it shows that this approach can significantly increase the computation efficiency with acceptable accuracy.     

Orbital transfer: Some links between the low-thrust and the impulse cases

Here, we investigate an orbital transfer from a low Earth orbit to the geostationary one where the considered criterion to maximize is the final mass. We seek to observe numerically the connections between the impulse transfer and the low-thrust one after giving two computational methods in each cases. We see that the links are very strong and that the impulse transfer can be viewed as the limit of the low-thrust transfer when its number of revolutions increases.     

空间目标三维重构误差分析与相机参数设计方法

针对空间目标三维重构任务中的相机参数设计问题，提出一套由目标重构精度反演观测相机参数及观测方案的方法。通过梳理三维重构误差传播机理，将误差传播归结为相机内参数影响特征点齐次坐标和齐次坐标影响重构精度两个过程，给出了三维重构误差计算方法。基于误差下限分析计算结果，给出了观测距离、拍照间隔与相机姿态指向等任务参数的设计原则，建立了由重构精度反演相机焦距和像素尺寸的方法，形成一套以重构精度为核心指标的观测方案和相机参数设计方法。针对模拟空间目标的仿真试验校验了重构误差估算算法及相机参数和观测方案设计方法的有效性。     

Analysis of the Accuracy of Ballistic Descent from a Circular Circumterrestrial Orbit

The problem of the transportation of the results of experiments and observations to Earth every so often appears in space research. Its simplest and low-cost solution is the employment of a small ballistic reentry spacecraft. Such a spacecraft has no system of control of the descent trajectory in the atmosphere. This can result in a large spread of landing points, which make it difficult to search for the spacecraft and very often a safe landing. In this work, a choice of a compromise scheme of the flight is considered, which includes the optimum braking maneuver, adequate conditions of the entry into the atmosphere with limited heating and overload, and also the possibility of landing within the limits of a circle with a radius of 12.5 km. The following disturbing factors were taken into account in the analysis of the accuracy of landing: the errors of the braking impulse execution, the variations of the atmosphere density and the wind, the error of the specification of the ballistic coefficient of the reentry spacecraft, and a displacement of its center of mass from the symmetry axis. It is demonstrated that the optimum maneuver assures the maximum absolute value of the reentry angle and the insensitivity of the trajectory of descent with respect to small errors of orientation of the braking engine in the plane of the orbit. It is also demonstrated that the possible error of the landing point due to the error of specification of the ballistic coefficient does not depend (in the linear approximation) upon its value and depends only upon the reentry angle and the accuracy of specification of this coefficient. A guided parachute with an aerodynamic efficiency of about two should be used at the last leg of the reentry trajectory. This will allow one to land in a prescribed range and to produce adequate conditions for the interception of the reentry spacecraft by a helicopter in order to prevent a rough landing.     

应用激光测高仪提高测绘卫星定位精度的研究

双线阵立体测绘卫星定位对外方位元素的测量精度要求高,然而布设控制点成本高,缺少全世界范围内的控制点。针对这一问题,提出应用星载激光测高仪提高定位精度的方法。首先,分析了双线阵立体测绘卫星和激光测高仪的误差特性,即测绘相机定位精度受外方位角元素影响比较大,激光测高仪高程精度受角元素影响相对较小。然后,论证了用激光测高仪提高定位精度的可行性。在相同的卫星平台定向辅助数据下,激光测高仪高程精度要比测绘相机高得多,可以作为高程约束提高定位精度。最后,应用光束法平差原理对激光测高数据作为高程约束进行了仿真试验。结果表明,加入激光测高数据可将双线阵立体测绘卫星的高程精度由8.0m提高到约3.5m。此方法可为实现全球无控制点测绘提供一定参考。     

一种固体火箭发动机内弹道性能数字仿真研究

研究了固体火箭发动机内弹道性能数字仿真方法，包括确定其随机变量，提出根据试验数据修正压强和推力的计算公式和数字仿真模型。该方法可用于固体发动机方案选择、性能评定及流场计算。对某固体火箭发动机的内弹道性能进行了数字仿真，得出了燃烧时间平均压强和平均推力、最大压强、比冲和总冲等内弹道性能参数的均值和方差。计算结果和实验数据符合较好，说明该仿真模型计算可靠。     

A low-thrust transfer between the Earth–Moon and Sun–Earth systems based on invariant manifolds

A low-energy, low-thrust transfer between two halo orbits associated with two coupled three-body systems is studied in this paper. The transfer is composed of a ballistic departure, a ballistic insertion and a powered phase using low-thrust propulsion to connect these two trajectories. The ballistic departure and insertion are computed by constructing the unstable and stable invariant manifolds of the corresponding halo orbits, and a complete low-energy transfer based on the patched invariant manifolds is optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm on the criterion of smallest velocity discontinuity and limited position discontinuity (less than 1 km). Then, the result is expropriated as the boundary conditions for the subsequent low-thrust trajectory design. The fuel-optimal problem is formulated using the calculus of variations and Pontryagin's Maximum Principle in a complete four-body dynamical environment. Then, a typical bang–bang control is derived and solved using the indirect method combined with a homotopic technique. The contributions of the present work mainly consist of two points. Firstly, the global search method proposed in this paper is simply handled using the PSO algorithm, a number of feasible solutions in a fairly wide range can be delivered without a priori or perfect knowledge of the transfers. Secondly, the indirect optimization method is used in the low-thrust trajectory design and the derivations of the first-order necessary conditions are simplified with a modified controlled, restricted four-body model.     

基于视加速度的固体火箭发动机飞行比冲估算

建立了基于遥测视加速度的推力及比冲计算模型,模型中考虑了附加质量对发动机推力的影响,对固体火箭发动机飞行试验推力及比冲进行了计算,并与利用标准内弹道预示程序重新预示的发动机推力及比冲进行了对比,两种方法计算结果一致。算例表明,利用飞行试验遥测视加速度计算发动机推力及比冲的计算模型正确,有关参数的选取和处理方法可行;该方法可准确再现发动机飞行过程的实时推力和比冲;可有效用于发动机飞行试验结果的快速分析与评估。     

一种利用PCA的导弹轨迹重建方法

非同时刻成像将大幅恶化立体视觉方法对导弹的轨迹点重建精度和射向估计精度,针对这一问题,该文提出了应用主成分分析(PCA)重建导弹轨迹并且估计导弹射向的方法。论文在同步轨道双星观测条件下推导了将PCA方法应用到导弹轨迹重建及射向估计的原理,论证了目标三维轨迹最小方差投影直线在像面上的投影即为目标成像轨迹的最小方差投影直线,给出了通过求取目标成像轨迹的最小方差投影直线重建导弹发射面和轨迹点的算法。仿真实验表明了该方法可以有效地进行弹道轨迹的三维重建及射向估计,与现有方法相比,PCA方法重建精度更高,相机定标误差在一定范围内时,射向估计误差更小。     

环境温度对导弹精度、最大射程的影响分析与修正

导弹发射时的环境温度会影响固体发动机的推力,推力的变化一方面影响导弹的精度,另一方面影响导弹的最大射程.根据推力与推进剂初温的关系,建立了计算标准弹道关机点参数偏差的数学模型,计算了这种误差通过制导方程高阶项引起的落点误差,并且对最大射程误差也进行了计算,同时,采用修正制导方程系数的方法,对落点误差进行了修正.仿真结果表明,通过本文提供的方法可以修正环境温度造成的落点偏差.