全极化散射计极化失真误差校正方法

全极化散射计是一种新型微波散射计,可以同时测量目标的同极化和交叉极化散射系数.一方面能够解决传统散射计在海面风场反演中的风向模糊问题,提高海面风场测量精度,另一方面交叉极化散射系数可以有效提高海面风速测量范围,解决台风灾害监测和预报问题.利用全极化散射计数据进行高精度海面风场反演,首先需要解决全极化散射计系统极化失真误差导致无法准确测量目标不同极化散射系数的问题.本文基于全极化散射计信号模型推导了极化失真误差影响下极化散射系数模型,并对极化失真误差影响进行了定量分析.在极化散射系数模型基础上,通过引入海面散射特性假设和极化定标技术推导了极化散射系数校正模型.基于RADARSAT-2获取的不同区域海面全极化散射系数数据仿真误差影响下极化散射系数并利用该模型进行校正,结果表明该方法可以有效校正极化失真误差,显著提高极化散射系数测量精度.      

中法海洋卫星微波散射计在轨性能验证

中法海洋卫星（CFOSAT）微波散射计是国际上第一个旋转扇形波束体制散射计，通过优化雷达观测几何实现对地面目标多角度和多方位的高精度测量，提高海面风场、土壤湿度和海冰面积等地球物理参数的反演精度.根据CFOSAT卫星2018年10月发射以来的在轨测试数据，结合散射计系统特点，分析验证了星上定标数据和后向散射系数反演结果的正确性，并对CFOSAT首批科学数据进行了定量分析和系统评价.结果表明，CFOSAT散射计在轨工作状态良好，实际性能与设计预期一致，风速测量精度优于1.5m·-1，风向测量精度优于15°，空间分辨率可达12.5km，在近岸风场监测、土壤湿度遥感和海冰面积估计等应用领域具有独特的优势.      

海表温度对中法海洋卫星散射计测量的影响

卫星散射计通过测量海表粗糙度反演全球海面风场。对于Ku波段散射计，海表粗糙不仅和海面风场相关，还受海表温度的二阶效应调制。定量研究了海表温度对中法海洋卫星（CFOSAT）散射计（CSCAT）反演风速和后向散射测量的影响。结果表明，CSCAT两种极化方式测量的后向散射系数都会受到海表温度的影响，但是垂直极化中低入射角（θ <36°）测量的后向散射系数几乎不随温度变化。因此CSCAT的风速偏差也随海表温度的变化而变化，且随着入射角的增大和风速的减小，海表温度对风速偏差的影响程度增大。在数据分析的基础上提出了一种考虑海表温度影响机制的地球物理模式函数，为未来CFOSAT散射计风场反演的海温校正提供参考。     

基于固定模糊度PPP的低轨卫星实时精密定轨

传统动力学定轨法受制于动力学模型精度，传统几何定轨法精度受限，只能达到亚米级，而基于精密单点定位（PPP）模式的几何定轨法一般采用浮点解，定轨精度及可靠性较基于双差模式的相对定位较差。为提高PPP模式低轨定轨的定位性能，利用中国区域内外的IGS测站计算出当前所有卫星的宽巷和窄巷相位小数偏差产品，对经过中国大陆区域上空的国产低轨卫星海洋二号（HY-2）和资源三号 (ZY-3) 卫星进行固定模糊度PPP的定轨解算，与事后精密轨道结果进行比较，分析其外符合精度。结果表明：仅利用约10min弧段的HY-2和ZY-3卫星数据，切向与径向的定轨精度可达2cm左右，法向为5cm左右，较浮点解定轨精度大幅提升。基于固定模糊度PPP的定轨方法能够满足厘米级的实时精密定轨。     

海洋二号A卫星雷达高度计、校正辐射计在轨运行十周年

海洋二号A卫星(HY-2A)是中国第一颗海洋动力环境卫星,于2011年8月16日在太原卫星发射中心成功发射,在海洋动力环境测量、防灾减灾、海洋资源开发、海洋科学研究等领域中发挥了重要作用. HY-2卫星的主载荷包括雷达高度计和校正辐射计两个分系统,由中国科学院国家空间科学中心微波遥感技术重点实验室研制.雷达高度计主要用于测量海面高度、有效波高和海面风速,其数据在海洋地球物理学、海洋动力学、海洋气候与环境、海冰监测等领域广泛应用并发挥了重要作用.校正微波辐射计是为雷达高度计提供大气湿对流层路径延迟校正的微波辐射计,可以提供海面大气水气含量、液水含量和湿对流层路径延迟数据.雷达高度计和校正辐射计自201 1年9月1日开机工作以来,已经在轨运行十周年,远超HY-2A卫星在轨运行三年的设计寿命,目前仍在正常工作.     

基于单频星载GPS数据的低轨卫星精密定轨

为满足搭载单频GPS接收机低轨卫星的精密定轨需求以及深化单频定轨研究,文中解决了单频星载GPS数据的周跳探测问题,并利用“海洋二号”（HY-2A）卫星及“资源三号”（ZY-3）卫星的单频星载GPS实测数据采用两种方法确定了二者的简化动力学轨道,并通过观测值残差分析、与双频精密轨道比较、激光测卫数据检核等方法对所得轨道精度进行评定。结果表明,在不考虑电离层延迟影响的情况下,HY-2A卫星定轨精度为2~3dm,ZY-3卫星为1m左右;而采用半和改正组合消除电离层延迟一阶项影响后,二者定轨精度均显著提高,HY-2A卫星三维精度提高至1dm左右,ZY-3卫星提高至1~2dm。文章的研究成果表明,搭载单频GPS接收机的低轨卫星也可获得厘米级的定轨精度。     

星载SAR图像方位角计算及其对风速反演影响评估

星载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)是海洋常规观测的重要技术手段,然而在其数据处理和关键物理参数反演中,SAR图像方位角SAR海面风速的反演精度。对此,根据SAR图像方位角的定义,结合空间卫星坐标系转换关系推导了?_IMG,并进一步提出了基于SAR图像地面控制点的?_IMG计算方法。通过对比分析2016年全球近70万景哨兵一号卫星波模式SAR图像,量化了?_IMG与?_SAT的系统偏差,发现该偏差与雷达入射角和轨道方向紧密相关。选用五次多项式拟合该偏差随纬度的变化规律,同时发现将卫星飞行方向角近似等于SAR图像方位角会引起海面风场反演误差,该误差空间分布不均,且升轨降轨有所差异,风速误差最大可达±0.5 m·s^–1。研究结果表明,?_IMG的正确计算和使用对于SAR地球科学研究具有重要意义,本文提出的?_IMG计算方法对其他SAR卫星系列也具有实际参考价值。     

HY-2卫星定标检验场多波段微波辐射计系统设计

Oceanic Multiband Microwave Radiometer（OMMR）是针对中国HY-2卫星扫描微波辐射计的定标和检验而设计的五频段十通道微波辐射计. 由于工作环境恶劣以及仪器长期稳定连续360°观测的需求,使其研制具有较大挑战. 本文重点介绍该微波辐射计的系统构成、技术指标设计与实现,阐述了系统指标测试和定标过程. 测试结果表明其满足设计要求.      

脉冲星方位误差估计的两步卡尔曼滤波算法

为了克服钟差和卫星位置误差对脉冲星方位误差估计的影响,设计了两步卡尔曼滤波（TSKF）算法。首先,介绍了脉冲星方位误差估计的传统模型,并通过分析和仿真验证了钟差、卫星位置误差以及2种误差同时存在时会使脉冲星方位误差估计结果产生较大偏差。其次,在传统的估计模型中加入了钟差和卫星位置误差,并将钟差和钟差变化率增广为新的状态量,从而推导出包含2种误差的新模型,并证明了该模型的完全可观测性;根据该模型并按照两步卡尔曼滤波原理,得到了TSKF算法的步骤。最后,通过仿真表明:在钟差和卫星位置误差同时影响下,传统脉冲星方位误差估计算法偏差较大且发散;TSKF算法则能够有效隔离2种误差的影响,使赤经和赤纬误差估计达到0.2 mas之内的精度。      

飓风天气下机载SFMR与星载微波遥感海面风速的对比分析

飓风天气下多种探测技术提供的海面风速的一致性备受关注。飓风侦察机搭载的步进频率微波辐射计(SFMR)提供的海面高风速数据是海面风速最主要的现场观测数据源。本文旨在分析SFMR风速与星载微波散射计(C波段欧洲MetOp系列卫星散射计ASCAT,Ku波段中法海洋卫星散射计CSCAT和中国HY-2系列卫星散射计HSCAT)和微波辐射计(SMAP和SMOS)遥感风速的一致性。通过分析SFMR风速随空间尺度变化的关系,进而提出了SFMR与散射计和辐射计数据进行时空匹配的方法。结果表明,高风速(>15 m·s^–1)辐射计比散射计风速与SFMR风速的一致性更好,风速高于25 m·s^–1时Ku波段散射计风速趋于饱和。高风速下降雨也是影响散射计风速误差的重要因素,但依赖于风速的误差显著高于降雨影响带来的误差。基于SFMR数据进一步揭示了星载微波散射计和辐射计提供海面风速的误差特征,为遥感数据应用提供参考。     

Performance assessment of real-time orbit determination for the Haiyang-2D using onboard BDS-3/GPS observations

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers equipped on the Haiyang-2D (HY-2D) satellite is capable of tracking the signals of both the third generation of BeiDou satellite navigation System (BDS-3) and the Global Positioning System (GPS), which make it feasible to assess the performance of real-time orbit determination (RTOD) for the HY-2D using onboard GNSS observations. In this study, the achievable accuracy and convergence time of RTOD for the HY-2D using onboard BDS-3 and GPS observations are analyzed. Benefiting from the binary-offset-carrier (BOC) modulation, the BDS-3 C1X signal includes less noise than the GPS C1C signal, which has the same signal frequency and chipping rate. The root mean squares (RMS) of the noises of C1X and C1C code measurements are 0.579 m and 1.636 m, respectively. Thanks to a ten-times higher chipping rate, the code measurements of BDS-3 C5P, GPS C1W and C2W are less noisy. The RMS of code noises of BDS-3 C5P, GPS C1W, and C2W are 0.044 m, 0.386 m, and 0.272 m, respectively. For the HY-2D orbit, the three-dimensional (3D) and radial accuracies can reach 31.8 cm and 7.5 cm with only BDS-3 observations, around 50 % better than the corresponding accuracies with GPS. Better performance of the BDS-3 in RTOD for the HY-2D is attributed to the high quality of its broadcast ephemeris. When random parameters are used to absorb ephemeris errors, substantial improvement is seen in the accuracy of HY-2D orbit with either BDS-3 or GPS. The 3D RMS of HY-2D orbit errors with BDS-3 and GPS are enhanced to 23.1 cm and 33.6 cm, and the RMS of the radial components are improved to 6.1 cm and 13.3 cm, respectively. The convergence time is 41.6 and 75.5 min for the RTOD with BDS-3 and GPS, while it is reduced to 39.2 and 27.4 min after the broadcast ephemeris errors are absorbed by random parameters. Overall, the achievable accuracy of RTOD with BDS-3 reaches decimeter level, which is even better than that with GPS, making real-time navigation using onboard BDS-3 observations a feasible choice for future remote sensing missions.     

Time synchronization of new-generation BDS satellites using inter-satellite link measurements

Autonomous satellite navigation is based on the ability of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), such as Beidou, to estimate orbits and clock parameters onboard satellites using Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) measurements instead of tracking data from a ground monitoring network. This paper focuses on the time synchronization of new-generation Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) satellites equipped with an ISL payload. Two modes of Ka-band ISL measurements, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) mode and the continuous link mode, were used onboard these BDS satellites. Using a mathematical formulation for each measurement mode along with a derivation of the satellite clock offsets, geometric ranges from the dual one-way measurements were introduced. Then, pseudoranges and clock offsets were evaluated for the new-generation BDS satellites. The evaluation shows that the ranging accuracies of TDMA ISL and the continuous link are approximately 4?cm and 1?cm (root mean square, RMS), respectively. Both lead to ISL clock offset residuals of less than 0.3?ns (RMS). For further validation, time synchronization between these satellites to a ground control station keeping the systematic time in BDT was conducted using L-band Two-way Satellite Time Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT). System errors in the ISL measurements were calibrated by comparing the derived clock offsets with the TWSTFT. The standard deviations of the estimated ISL system errors are less than 0.3?ns, and the calibrated ISL clock parameters are consistent with that of the L-band TWSTFT. For the regional BDS network, the addition of ISL measurements for medium orbit (MEO) BDS satellites increased the clock tracking coverage by more than 40% for each orbital revolution. As a result, the clock predicting error for the satellite M1S was improved from 3.59 to 0.86?ns (RMS), and the predicting error of the satellite M2S was improved from 1.94 to 0.57?ns (RMS), which is a significant improvement by a factor of 3–4.     

Ocean Observation from Haiyang Satellites: 2012–2014

During 2012 and 2014, China has two Haiyang(which means ocean in Chinese, referred to as HY) satellites operating normally in space which are HY-1B and HY-2A. HY-1B is an ocean color environment satellite which was launched in April 2007 to observe global ocean color and sea surface temperature, and HY-2A is an ocean dynamic environment satellite which was launched in August 2011 to obtain global marine dynamic environment parameters including sea surface height,significant wave height, ocean wind vectors, etc. Ocean observation data provided by HY-1B and HY-2A have been widely used by both domestic and international users in extensive areas such as ocean environment protection, ocean disaster prevention and reduction, marine environment forecast,ocean resource development and management, ocean investigations and scientific researches, etc.     

Improvement of the ADEOS-II/GLI sun-glint algorithm using concomitant microwave scatterometer-derived wind data

The tendency of over-estimation of sun-glint reflectance was found in GLI satellite ocean color data, after applying the traditional sun-glint model of Cox and Munk together with objective analysis wind data. ADEOS-II has provided a good opportunity to improve the glint model using data measured by GLI and SeaWinds, both onboard the satellite. With the help of simultaneous wind measurements achieved by SeaWinds, the Cox and Munk model is re-evaluated using GLI measurements to obtain a new relationship between the surface mean square slope and wind. The new model was found to be very close to the Cox and Munk under moderate wind speed but is much different under calm condition, where it shows similarity to the result reported by Ebuchi and Kizu. It also improves the ocean color data availability and the precision of sun-glint reflectance, based on the evaluation result of the generated Level 3 data products.     

利用Aura卫星资料计算全球中层大气背景风场

利用2005年第二代地球观测卫星系统(EOS)的Aura卫星上MLS观测的压强、温度、密度等数据,推算出全球中层大气的平均背景风场,分析了中层大气风场随时间和高度变化的特点.与武汉流星雷达及澳大利亚Adelaide台站观测的比较结果显示,用Aura数据推算出来的风场与实际观测比较符合.与HWM-93模式的比较显示,Aura风场随时间和空间变化的总体趋势与HWM-93基本吻合.特别是在80km以下的高度范围内Aura数据与HWM-93数据符合得比较好;在80 km以上的高度,Aura所算得的风值与HWM-93风值的差别逐渐增大,Aura风值普遍比HWM-93的要大.      

The First Chinese Ocean Color Satellite HY-1A

HY-1A is China's first ocean color satellite, and was launched on 15 May 2002as a piggyback satellite on the FY-1D satellite using the Long March rocket.There are two sensors on the satellite: China's Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS), and the CCD Coastal Zone Imager (CZI). In the report,first, the properties and characteristics of HY-1A are briefly introduced; Second, the quality and availability of the data are evaluated by the mean of the Complex Signal Noise Ratio (CSNR) which is simulated theoretically; Third,the received HY-1A data are compared with SeaSTAR data to understand the accuracy of radiance measurement by the HY-1A; Finally, the remote sensing products of ocean color and temperature are mapped by HY-1A to study its application potentiality. The results show that the HY-1A has a latent capability for the application of marine environment detection, the management and protection of marine resources, and the furthering of national rights and interests.Meanwhile, some modifications are proposed for the next ocean satellite, suchas adding the case of tilt scanning, modification of the CCD element uniformity,and adding more ocean satellite receiving stations.     

International comparison of satellite winds — An update

Winds obtained from geostationary satellites are compared with each other and with rawinsondes. These comparisons serve as a periodic quality check of satellite cloud motions (or winds) set up by the CGMS (Coordination for Geostationary Meteorological Satellites). Differences are taken between colocated cloud motions observed by adjacent satellites in areas of overlapping coverage (Type 1) and between colocated rawinsondes and cloud motions within the field of view of each individual satellite (Type 2).Among colocated satellite winds (Type 1) RMS vector difference of high clouds rarely exceed 10 mps and of low clouds, 6 mps. But, among colocated cloud and balloon vectors (Type 2), RMS vector differences are large. At high levels, differences range from 12 to 40 mps for GMS (Geostationary Meteorological Satellite) winds and from 10 to 18 mps for GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) winds. The greater disagreement of satellite winds with rawinsonde winds than with each other is attributed in large part to error in the assignment of cloud height especially in the presence of strong vertical shear and to a lesser extent on time differences between cloud and balloon measurements. Both Type 1 and 2 comparisons suffer from separations in distance (tolerated for purposes of establishing “colocation”) between cloud and balloon in the presence of strong horizontal shear. The discrepancy existing between GMS and GOES differences with rawinsondes is attributed primarily to differing techniques of height assignment.At low levels satellite winds departed from balloon winds by a RMS vector difference of about 6 to 9 mps which approached or exceeded the mean wind speed itself. This problem is attributed chiefly to the uncertainty of wind levels controlling the motion of the various low cloud types.     

Ocean Observation from Haiyang Satellites

In 2018, China successfully launched three new Haiyang (which means ocean in Chinese, referred to as HY) satellites which are an ocean color observation satellite HY-1C (operational), an ocean dynamics environment satellite HY-2B (operational) and the China-France ocean satellite CFOSAT (experimental). In 2019, all the three satellites had finished their commissioning phases and were declared operational. HY-2A satellite continues to operate in-orbit, and its operational status is basically normal. So in 2020, China has 4 Haiyang satellites in-orbit, China's ocean satellites enter into a new operational application phase. The operation of the ground application system of Chinese ocean satellites is stable. In 2019, Beijing, Hainan, Mudanjiang, and Hangzhou ocean satellite ground stations had received the data of HY-1C, HY-2A, HY-2B, and CFOSAT 5012 orbits and 26.46 TB data had been distributed to both domestic and international users. Chinese ocean satellite data has played an important role in marine disaster prevention and mitigation, development and management of marine resources, maintenance of marine rights and interests, marine environment protection, scientific researches, and blue economy development.