Angular velocity determination of spinning solar sails using only a sun sensor

The direction of the sun is the easiest and most reliable observation vector for a solar sail running in deep space exploration. This paper presents a new method using only raw measurements of the sun direction vector to estimate angular velocity for a spinning solar sail. In cases with a con-stant spin angular velocity, the estimation equation is formed based on the kinematic model for the apparent motion of the sun direction vector;the least-squares solution is then easily calculated. A performance criterion is defined and used to analyze estimation accuracy. In cases with a variable spin angular velocity, the estimation equation is developed based on the kinematic model for the apparent motion of the sun direction vector and the attitude dynamics equation. Simulation results show that the proposed method can quickly yield high-precision angular velocity estimates that are insensitive to certain measurement noises and modeling errors.     

RCD太阳帆航天器人工平动点轨道保持与控制

针对航天器平动点轨道保持问题,研究了含有反射率控制设备(RCD)的太阳帆航天器在日地系共线人工平动点处的轨道保持与控制,同时降低因频繁改变航天器姿态所带来的振动问题。首先,基于太阳帆圆型限制性三体问题,计算了RCD型太阳帆人工平动点位置,给出了太阳帆共线人工平动点三阶Halo轨道,并将其作为参考轨道;然后,将太阳帆动力学方程线性化,采用跟踪控制输出的方法对线性模型进行控制;最后,通过合理选择控制变量矩阵,将控制律代入非线性模型中进行轨道保持控制。仿真结果表明,通过控制RCD太阳帆反射率设备参数及姿态角,实现了长时间的Halo轨道保持,同时大幅减小了太阳帆姿态角的改变,从而减小了帆面振动,为太阳帆航天器长期轨道任务的实现提供了良好的理论依据。     

Design and application of solar sailing: A review on key technologies

Solar sail technology has been proposed and developed for space explorations with advantages of low launch cost, no-propellant consumption, and continuous thrust, which has great potentials in earth polar detection, interstellar explorations and etc. The development of solar sail has made significant progress in structural design, manufacturing, materials, orbit transfer, and stability control in the past few decades, which makes meaningful contributions to astronomy, physics, and aerospace science. Technological breakthroughs of Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) propulsion and interstellar transfer have been achieved in current solar sail missions. However, there are still many challenges and problems need to be solved. This paper attempts to summarize the research schemes and potential applications of solar sailing in space missions from the viewpoint of key technologies, so as to provide an overall perspective for researchers in this field. Analyses of the key technologies of solar sailing system design are provided. Finally, challenges and prospective development of solar sailing are discussed.     

太阳帆航天器动力学建模与求解

 太阳帆航天器动力学建模与求解是姿态控制与结构振动抑制的基础,具有重要的理论与工程意义。针对带有控制杆和控制叶片的太阳帆航天器,进行结构的合理简化。应用矢量力学基本原理,推导出考虑弹性振动的太阳帆航天器姿态动力学方程,再对其进行简化,分别得到基于控制叶片和控制杆的两类太阳帆航天器的姿态动力学方程,联立太阳帆支撑杆振动方程,结合非约束模态的定义对运行于超地球同步转移轨道的太阳帆航天器动力学方程进行了求解及分析,结果表明所建立的太阳帆动力学模型可准确地描述柔性太阳帆航天器的动力学特性。     

混合小推力航天器轨道保持高性能滑模控制

针对采用太阳帆、太阳电混合小推力推进的航天器，研究了其在日心悬浮轨道的保持控制问题。为解决已有控制方法中未综合考虑内部未建模动态和外部未知扰动的问题，以及进一步提高系统控制性能，设计了一种高性能滑模控制策略。首先，考虑模型不确定性，建立了混合小推力航天器在日心悬浮轨道柱面坐标系的动力学方程；其次，基于改进型条件积分滑模面和径向基（RBF）神经网络设计了控制律，结合自适应方法在线估计不确定参数；接着，将求取的虚拟控制量在推进剂最优条件下转换成实际控制量，即太阳帆姿态角和太阳电推进力；最后，数值仿真验证了上述设计方法提高了系统鲁棒性，减小了轨道位置超调，并且混合推进相比于单一太阳帆推进，在更短收敛时间内控制精度提高了4个数量级，相比于单一太阳电推进，一年可以节省约89.6%的推进剂。     

Solar sail attitude control using shape variation of booms

Active attitude control of solar sails is required to control the direction of the force generated by Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP). It is desirable to control the attitude through propellant-free means. This paper proposes a new method for attitude control of solar sails: A boom consisting of “smart” structural material can be deformed by the piezoelectric actuator, and Solar Radiation Pressure torque will be generated due to shape variation of sail membrane caused by boom deformation. The method has the advantages of simple structure, small disturbance and small additional load, and is not limited by the size of the solar sail. The case of rendezvous with the Asteroid 2000 SG344 is used to verify the attitude control around the pitch and yaw axes.     

太阳帆航天器被动姿态控制研究

针对由有效载荷、太阳帆和4个控制叶片所组成的太阳帆航天器系统,从物理模型出发,利用欧拉方程建立了姿态动力学模型,并通过数值仿真对太阳帆航天器基于控制叶片的对日定向性能进行了研究。研究结果表明,在行星际飞行中太阳帆航天器可以通过使控制叶片保持偏置来保持姿态稳定。     

混合小推力航天器日心悬浮轨道保持控制

针对太阳帆、太阳电混合推进航天器日心悬浮轨道保持控制问题进行了研究。为解决基于局部线性化模型设计轨道保持控制器时存在的控制精度不高、模型精确性过度依赖等问题,应用自抗扰控制(ADRC)技术设计了轨道保持控制器。首先,采用圆形限制性三体问题(CRTBP)模型推导了混合小推力航天器日心悬浮轨道动力学方程;然后,考虑系统模型不确定性和外部扰动,提出了一种基于扰动估计和补偿的轨道保持控制方法;最后,数值仿真表明存在系统模型不确定性、初始入轨误差及地球轨道偏心率扰动等因素的情况下,所设计的控制器仅需很小的速度增量即可实现高精度的日心悬浮轨道保持控制。     

Structural dynamic responses of a stripped solar sail subjected to solar radiation pressure

The stripped solar sail whose membrane is divided into separate narrow membrane strips is believed to have the best structural efficiency. In this paper, the stripped solar sail structure is regarded as an assembly made by connecting a number of boom-strip components in sequence. Considering the coupling effects between booms and membrane strips, an exact and semi-analytical method to calculate structural dynamic responses of the stripped solar sail subjected to solar radiation pressure is established. The case study of a 100 m stripped solar sail shows that the stripped architecture helps to reduce the static deflections and amplitudes of the steady-state dynamic response. Larger prestress of the membrane strips will decrease stiffness of the sail and increase amplitudes of the steady-state dynamic response. Increasing thickness of the boom will benefit to stability of the sail and reduce the resonant amplitudes. This proposed semi-analytical method provides an efficient analysis tool for structure design and attitude control of the stripped solar sail.     

Novel orbit-attitude combination mode for solar power satellites to reduce mass and fuel

Solar power satellite receives great attention because it can release the energy crisis and environmental problems in the future. However, the launch and maintenance costs are tremendous due to the large system mass and large fuel consumption to counteract space perturbations. To reduce mass and fuel, a novel quasi-Sun-pointing attitude in Sun-frozen orbit is proposed. The Sun-frozen orbit has a nonzero eccentricity vector that always points towards the Sun. The quasi-Sun-pointing attitude is a periodic solution of the Sun-pointing attitude angle. Although about 3 % electricity must be given up because of the variation of Sun-pointing attitude angle, little control action is required to deal with the solar radiation pressure and gravity-gradient torque. The algorithm to obtain initial conditions is proposed. The influences of system parameters and structural flexibilities are studied. Simulation results reveal that the quasi-Sun-pointing attitude in Sun-frozen orbit dramatically reduce fuel consumption, the dry mass, and complexity of the control system. In addition, structural vibration is hardly induced by the gravity-gradient torque. Thus, the bending stiffness as well as the mass of the supporting structure can be reduced.     

三轴稳定卫星的星敏感器对地定姿精度分析

给出利用星敏感器进行惯性姿态和对地姿态确定的流程,重点分析了惯性姿态向对地姿态转换过程中的误差传播关系,给出了相应的误差传播矩阵和误差传播影响因子。仿真表明,由于坐标转换时引入轨道参数误差,误差传播影响因子一般在1~2之间,因而使得对地定姿精度较惯性定姿精度稍低。     

地球同步轨道薄膜太阳帆的姿态轨道控制方法

薄膜太阳帆（FSS）是集推进、发电和姿轨控功能于一体化的超大型挠性太阳帆式航天器，通过调整薄膜反射率产生可变推力和力矩，实现其姿态和轨道运动控制。结合薄膜太阳帆在地球同步轨道运行时的受力特性进行了轨道漂移分析。通过建立薄膜太阳帆动力学模型及受力模型，提出了调整帆面角度轨道修正方法以及基于薄膜光压力矩角动量卸载的长期在轨对日定向面内双轴动量轮稳定控制方法。通过系统仿真验证表明所提的轨道修正和对日定向控制方法是合理有效的，可使薄膜太阳帆长期在定点位置维持对日定向。     

柔性太阳翼在轨热分析

卫星的太阳电池翼在轨的温度状况对其性能和可靠性有着重要的影响。相比于刚性太阳翼,柔性太阳翼有着质量轻,综合性能好,结构也较简单等优点。在考虑了地球红外辐射,地球的太阳反照,太阳辐射加热的前提下,以柔性太阳翼为研究对象,利用I-DEAS TMG建立2种太阳电池有限元模型,分析了柔性太阳翼厚度方向的温差,以及不同太阳高度和工作状态对其在轨温度场的影响。分析结果表明,当飞行器绕轨道飞行进入第2个周期后,太阳电池温度场呈现周期变化特性;柔性太阳翼正反两面温度几乎一致,不会因为厚度方向的温差引起热应力;0°太阳高度角分流状态太阳电池温度最高,温度变化最为剧烈;66°太阳高度角工作状态,太阳电池的温度最低,温度变化最为缓慢;电池板面内温差极小。     

Novel attitude determination method by integration of electronic level meter,INS, and low-cost turntable for level attitude evaluation and calibration of INS

Attitude references are greatly needed for the evaluation and calibration of Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs), which are widely used in gravimeter, marine, and aeronautical navigation. High-accuracy turntable, INS, and Global Navigation Satellite System have been utilized to verify the performance of relatively low-accuracy INS. The accuracy requirement of the attitude reference continuously increases with the rapid improvement of inertial sensors and navigation algorithms. However, the cost of attitude determination system increases rapidly with the increase of attitude accuracy requirement. To solve this limitation, the integration of level meter, INS, and low-cost turntable is proposed to provide level attitude, such as roll and pitch. The turntable is utilized to rotate the INS. An integration model of the level meter and INS is built to estimate the level attitude and reduce the cost of the turntable. The proposed method successfully avoids the dependence on high-accuracy turntables. An observability degree analysis is conducted to improve the level attitude accuracy further. The simulation and turntable test results indicate that the proposed method can provide high-accuracy level attitude without high-accuracy INS or turntable and is applicable to error calibration and attitude evaluation of INS.     

利用姿态测量数据确定卫星初始轨道

提出了一种利用姿态测量数据确定卫星初始轨道的新方法。姿态确定后,根据卫星姿态与位置函数的关系,可确定位置矢量的方向数。采用三个不同时刻的测量值,根据飞行时间定理和几何约束条件,得到卫星轨道的解析方程。利用微分校正法解方程即可得卫星轨道参数,最后对卫星多种姿态及飞行轨道进行了仿真计算,结果显示迭代算法收敛,证明此方法是可行的。     

一种圆锥运动条件下的等效旋转矢量算法研究

传统旋转矢量姿态算法一般采用陀螺的角增量信号来构造积分算法,当应用于输出为角速率的光纤陀螺捷联系统时,通过角速率提取角增量,算法会损失一定精度。提出了一种以陀螺角速率信号与角增量信号同时作为输入的改进旋转矢量姿态算法,进一步补偿了圆锥误差,提高了计算精度。仿真结果表明,该算法与传统二子样算法相比较,计算量相当,姿态精度、速度精度、位置精度有大幅度的提升。     

超低轨航天器气动特性快速预测的试验粒子Monte Carlo方法

超低轨(LEO)卫星气动特性的快速准确计算是对其进行轨道预测和控制的关键输入条件。基于真空技术领域中计算管道分子流率的试验粒子Monte Carlo(TPMC)方法,结合自由分子流理论,发展了一套快速准确预测低轨卫星气动特性的TPMC方法,给出了其模拟步骤及主要关键技术点,并采用该方法模拟了带电池翼超低轨卫星的气动特性和航天器典型构件之间的多次反射效应。结果表明:TPMC方法在计算超低轨航天器气动力、力矩时具有较高的可靠性和对工程复杂外形的适用性;该方法能够准确模拟自由分子流理论无法求解的多次反射问题,给出正确的气动力系数;该方法的计算速度比直接模拟Monte Carlo(DSMC)快3~4个量级,存储量要求也比后者低1~2个量级,是超低轨航天器气动特性快速准确预测的一个理想方法。     

晨昏轨道摄动特性分析

针对晨昏轨道演化问题,根据不同摄动源对半长轴、偏心率矢量、倾角矢量进行公式推导与演化分析,并重点对降交点地方时漂移进行分析,证明晨昏点的简谐振荡特性向开口向上的抛物线漂移特性转化,最后结合实际的轨道动力学数据进行检验.结果表明,通过准确的入轨控制,可以实现晨昏轨道的降交点地方时十余年的长时间保持,既保障了卫星具有良好光照和能源供给,同时又能应用于长寿命卫星在轨测控与管理的能源预测、轨道数据注入核查等方面.     

基于磁强计测量的微小卫星轨道姿态 耦合确定方法

针对基于磁强计测量的微小卫星, 提出了基于串并联混合策略的轨道姿态 耦合确定方法。滤波初期,考虑到估计误差较大,采用先地磁场大小测量的轨道确定、 后地磁场矢量测量的姿态确定的串联策略;稳定后,采用基于矢量测量的轨道、姿态同 步确定的并联策略。为降低轨道、姿态确定的相互影响,设计了基于信息的鲁棒Kalman 滤波,通过自动调节增益矩阵处理两个滤波系统间的影响。仿真表明,该方法在提高鲁 棒性的同时,还能适当提高状态估计的精度。