宽温低浓度镀铬工艺及CBF－Cr－9103添加剂的应用

对ＣＢＦ一Ｃｒ一９１０３添加剂在镀铬电解液中的应用进行了探讨，使镀铬向低浓度低温方向进了一步，由于ＣＢＦ－Ｃｒ一９１０３添加剂的作用，使温度范围大大加宽（１５～５０℃），阴极电流密度下降到５～２５Ａ／ｄｍ２，镀液浓度降低了２／５，从而降低了能源消耗，节约了原材料，减少了环境污染，改善了劳动条件，有益于操作者的健康。     

镉镍电池大电流充电切换和终止标志的确定

对镉镍电池大电流充电进行试验研究．在忽略电池内部温度、压力等因素条件下，对２５Ａｈ镉镍电池用电池充电电压参数控制１．５Ｃ／０．４Ｃ充电电流的切换以及终止充电的过程进行分析和讨论。     

China's Space Crystal Growth Experiments Fruitful

ＣｈｉｎａｓＳｐａｃｅＣｒｙｓｔａｌＧｒｏｗｔｈＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓＦｒｕｉｔｆｕｌＢｙＪｉａＹｕｐｉｎｇ，ＬｉＸｕｅｍｅＡｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｐａｃｅＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，ｏｕｒｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｈａｓａｔａｉｎｅｄ...     

锂离子电池技术在航天领域的应用

介绍了锂离子电池的工作原理、性能特点。主要介绍了Ｅａｇｌｅ－Ｐｉｃｈｅｒ、Ｂｌｕｅ－Ｓｔａｒ、Ｙａｒｄｎｅｙ、ＳＯＮＹ、ＳＥＡＦＴ等国外研究机构、电池厂商当前在高功率、大容量和长寿命锂离子电池领域的研究成果及今后的发展方向。     

卫星用氢镍蓄电池组

文中论述了卫星用５０安时大容量氢镍电池，在改进极组设计和单体结构设计基础上，又按空间应用要求进行了电池组设计。其中克服了电池组结构设计，热设计和电设计等技术难关，完成了８只单体的电池组研制。该电池组比能量达３８ｗｈ／ｋｇ，并初步通过力学环境试验和充放电循环寿命试验，为氢镍电池组在空间应用奠定了基础。５０安时大容量氢镍电池组的预研填补了国内空白。     

硼酚醛烧蚀材料的研究

介绍了炭布增强硼酚醛烧蚀材料（２Ｄ Ｃ／ＦＢ）的制备，研究了工艺对复合材料力学性能和烧蚀性能的影响。结果表明，硼酚醛ＦＢ树脂９００℃残炭率高达７０％，高于普通酚醛树脂（钡酚醛），采用优化工艺制备的２Ｄ Ｃ／ＦＢ材料力学性能和烧蚀性能优异，剪切强度高达３９．７ＭＰａ。     

XD^TM法——铝基复合材料制备新技术

介绍了ＸＤ~（ＴＭ）Ａｌ／ＴｉＢ２和Ａｌ－４％Ｃｕ－１．５％Ｍｇ／ＴｉＢ２复合材料的机械性能以及强化相的体积百分数、颗粒尺寸对性能的影响．并介绍了材料的组织和强化相与基体的界面状况。表明ＸＤ~（ＴＭ）制备的ＭＭＣｓ具有优异的机械性能，是一种很有吸引力的制备ＭＭＣ的方法。     

热电池DEB粉中硅含量的测定方法

应用Ｎ２Ｏ－Ｃ２ＨＨ２原子吸收法来测定某型导弹热电池正极粉（ＤＥＢ）中的硅含量。结果表明：此法具有操作简便、易掌握、分析周期短等特点。该方法的精度与准确度均能满足热电池研制工作的要求。     

F15l和1Cr18Ni9Ti的电子束焊接

针对型号产品生产中遇到的Ｆ１５ｌ和１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ电子束焊接焊缝裂纹问题进行了研究、在光学显微镜及扫描电镜下观察焊缝显微组织为方向性较强的粗大奥氏体柱状晶，Ｓ、Ｓｉ等杂质液膜在一定拉应力作用下形成晶间裂纹，为此，采用１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ衬底，重新设计了接头形式，使焊缝的Ｃｒｅｑ／Ｎｉｅｑ的值较高，属于先奥氏体结晶模式，从而提高了焊缝的抗裂性能，消除了焊接裂纹，经型号产品的实际使用，达到了设计要求。     

钴及钴基三氧化二铝分散镀层对4Cr5MoVSi钢热疲劳性能影响的研究

用电镀工艺方法，使热作模具钢４Ｃｒ５ＭｏＶＳｉ镀上Ｃｏ或Ｃｏ＋Ａ１２０３镀层，镀液中加入经过一定处理后的Ａ１２Ｏ３粒子，电镀时均匀进入镀层。经２０～７００℃冷、热循环作用，镀Ｃｏ、Ｃｏ＋Ａｌ２Ｏ３比未镀Ｃｏ、Ｃｏ＋Ａｌ２Ｏ３的镀层硬度下降明显减少，且没有热疲劳裂纹产生。结果表明，Ｃｏ和Ｃｏ＋Ａｌ２Ｏ３镀层提高了屈服强度，从而使４Ｃｒ５ＭｏＶＳｉ钢的热疲劳抗力显著提高。     

Cosmic dosimetry using TLD aboard spacecrafts of the "Cosmos" series

Thermoluminescent (TL) detectors were used for dosimetric investigations on the outer surface as well as inside Soviet spacecrafts of the "Cosmos" series. At the outer surface, ultrathin TL detectors, based on CaF2-PTFE and LiF, were arranged in special stacks and exposed to unshielded cosmic radiation. The strong decrease of dose within a few mg/cm2 demonstrates that weakly penetrating radiation is dominating in the radiation field under investigation. On the basis of glow curve analysis of LiF thermoluminescent detectors it could be shown, that the high doses are caused by electrons.     

Fluid electrolyte excretion during different hypokinetic body positions of trained subjects

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different body positions on renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes after exposure to 364 days of decreased number of steps per day (hypokinesia, HK). The studies were performed on 18 endurance trained male volunteers aged 19-24 years who had an average of VO2max 67 ml/kg body/min. All volunteers were divided into three equal groups: the 1st group subjected to 12 h orthostatic position (OP) and 12 h clinostatic position (CP)/day, the 2nd group exposed to 8 h orthostatic position and 14 h clinostatic position/day, and the 3rd group submitted to 10 h orthostatic position and 16 h clinostatic position/day for 364 days. For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect all volunteers were kept under an average of 3000 steps/day for 364 days. Diuresis and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and magnesium as well as excretion of creatine were determined in 24-h urine samples. By the end of the hypokinetic period all volunteers, regardless of their body position during HK, manifested a significant increase in renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes as compared to prehypokinetic period values. It was concluded that prolonged restriction of motor activity induced a significant increase in renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes in endurance trained subjects regardless to their body position and duration thereof per day.     

锂离子电池单离子导体聚合物电解质研究进展

锂离子电池在3C电子产品和动力汽车电池行业广泛应用,在航天电源领域也展现出一定的前景。单离子导体是基本仅由参与电化学反应的锂离子迁移的电解质体系,解决传统锂离子电池液态电解质存在的副反应和阴离子的浓差极化等问题,改善电池的库伦效率和循环寿命。研究者们发展了多种类型的单离子导体电解质。本文总结了近5年来不同阴离子类型的单离子导体聚合物电解质合成策略以及分子动力学模拟计算的最新进展。     

团聚硼对富燃料推进剂燃烧性能的影响

考察了不同粒度、不同包覆剂的团聚硼对含硼富燃料推进剂燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,随团聚硼颗粒粒度的增大,推进剂的燃速增加,低压可燃极限降低,但燃速压强指数呈下降的趋势;包覆材料AP、L iF有利于提高推进剂的燃速,降低低压可燃极限,但不利于提高燃速压强指数。     

Fluid and salt supplementation effect on body hydration and electrolyte homeostasis during bed rest and ambulation

Bed rest (BR) induces significant urinary and blood electrolyte changes, but little is known about the effect of fluid and salt supplements (FSS) on catabolism, hydration and electrolytes. The aim was to measure the effect of FSS on catabolism, body hydration and electrolytes during BR.

Studies were done during 7 days of a pre-bed rest period and during 30 days of a rigorous bed rest period. Thirty male athletes aged, 24.6±7.6 years were chosen as subjects. They were divided into three groups: unsupplemented ambulatory control subjects (UACS), unsupplemented bed rested subjects (UBRS) and supplemented bed rested subjects (SBRS). The UBRS and SBRS groups were kept under a rigorous bed rest regime for 30 days. The SBRS daily took 30 ml water per kg body weight and 0.1 sodium chloride per kg body weight.

Plasma sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels, urinary Na, K, Ca and Mg excretion, plasma osmolality, plasma protein level, whole blood hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) level increased significantly (p≤0.05), while plasma volume (PV), body weight, body fat, peak oxygen uptake, food and fluid intake decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in the UBRS group when compared with the SBRS and UACS groups. In contrast, plasma and urinary electrolytes, osmolality, protein level, whole blood Hct and Hb level decreased significantly (p≤0.05), while PV, fluid intake, body weight and peak oxygen uptake increased significantly (p≤0.05) in the SBRS group when compared with the UBRS group. The measured parameters did not change significantly in the UACS group when compared with their baseline control values.

The data indicate that FSS stabilizes electrolytes and body hydration during BR, while BR alone induces significant changes in electrolytes and body hydration. We conclude that FSS may be used to prevent catabolism and normalize body hydration status and electrolyte values during BR.     

Planetary resources and astroecology. Planetary microcosm models of asteroid and meteorite interiors: electrolyte solutions and microbial growth--implications for space populations and panspermia

Planetary microcosms were constructed using extracts from meteorites that simulate solutions in the pores of carbonaceous chondrites. The microcosms were found to support the growth of complex algal and microbial populations. Such astroecology experiments demonstrate how a diverse ecosystem could exist in fluids within asteroids, and in meteorites that land on aqueous planets. The microcosm solutions were obtained by extracting nutrient electrolytes under natural conditions from powders of the Allende (CV3) and Murchison (CM2) meteorites at low (0.02 g/ml) and high (10.0 g/ml) solid/solution ratios. The latter solutions contain > 3 mol/L electrolytes and about 10 g/L organics, that simulate natural fluids in asteroids during aqueous alteration and in the pores of meteorites, which can help prebiotic synthesis and the survival of early microorganisms. These solutions and wet solids were in fact found to support complex self-sustaining microbial communities with populations of 4 x 10(5) algae and 6 x 10(6) bacteria and fungi for long periods (> 8 months). The results show that planetary microcosms based on meteorites can: assay the fertilities of planetary materials; identify space bioresources; target astrobiology exploration; and model past and future space-based ecosystems. The results show that bioresources in the carbonaceous asteroids can sustain a biomass of 10(18) kg, comprising 10(32) microorganisms and a human population of 10(14). The results also suggest that protoplanetary nebulae can support and disperse microorganisms and can be therefore effective environments for natural and directed panspermia.     

Blood volume regulating hormones response during two space related simulation protocols: four-week confinement and head-down bed-rest

The volume of regulating hormones (renin, aldosterone, arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic factor), electrolytes and creatinine concentrations, and blood pressure were measured in two different four-week experimental protocols: respectively -6 degrees head-down bed-rest (5 subjects) and confinement (6 subjects). We observed a significant increase (P < 0.01 at D2 vs D-5) of systolic blood pressure during confinement and a different level of response for some hormones, especially for arginine vasopressin (300% increase during confinement instead of 50% during bed-rest). The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was enhanced during confinement and head-down bed-rest. In both conditions, we obtained a similar pattern of response for blood volume regulating hormones. During confinement, two main factors were inactivity and stress activation of the sympathetic nervous system. In the bed-rest study the response is principally due to the fluid shift and blood volume adaptation but it is not possible to exclude the role of inactivity and stress.     

Bioinstrumentation for evaluation of workload in payload specialists: results of ASSESS II

ASSESS II (Airborne Science/Spacelab Experiments System Simulation) was a cooperative NASA-ESA project which consisted of a detailed simulation of Spacelab operations using the NASA Ames Research Center CV-990 aircraft laboratory. The Medical Experiment reported on in this paper was part of the complex payload consisting of 11 different experiments. Its general purpose was to develop a technology, possibly flown on board of Spacelab, and enabling the assessment of workload through evaluating changes of circadian rhythmicity, sleep disturbances and episodical or cumulative stress. As parameters the following variables were measured: Rectal temperature, ECG, sleep-EEG and -EOG, the urinary excretion of hormones and electrolytes. The results revealed evidence that a Spacelab environment, as simulated in ASSESS II, will lead to internal dissociation of circadian rhythms, to sleep disturbances and to highly stressful working conditions. Altogether these effects will impose considerable workload upon Payload Specialists. It is suggested that an intensive pre-mission system simulation will reduce these impairments to a reasonable degree. The bioinstrumentation applied in this experiment proved to be a practical and reliable tool in assessing the objectives of the study.     

Pre-adaptation to shiftwork in space

Astronauts are often required to work in shift schedules. To test pre-mission adaptation strategies and effects on the circadian system, a study was performed using microgravity simulation by head-down bedrest. Eight male subjects were studied over 4 control days, and 7 days each for pre-mission adaptation, bedrest, and readjustment. The circadian system was assessed by monitoring ECG and temperature, and by collecting urine for determination of hormones and electrolytes. Rhythms did not achieve complete adjustment within the adaptation period when the sleep-wake cycle was shortened by 1 h/day, but resynchronization continued during bedrest. After the bedrest period when the time shift was reversed by a 7-h delay within 2 days, resynchronization was achieved satisfactorily only within 7 days. From the results it is concluded that a sleep-wake cycle advance as used in this study is insufficient to keep the circadian system in pace. Under operational conditions the circadian system of astronauts may become longer and more destabilized than under controlled laboratory conditions.     

On the correlation between individual biochemical parameters of human blood serum following space flight and their basal values

The article presents data concerning the osmolality and concentration of electrolytes and hormones regulating their balance for blood serum of 223 cosmonauts and astronauts. The obtained results allow us to judge the constancy of physicochemical parameters for the blood serum of healthy individuals and how they react to extreme conditions of space flight. The parameters used for evaluation included not just absolute values for the examined indices, but also how they responded to space flight, the dependence on baseline values and the interrelationship between ions. These data are important to predict the effect of exposure to extreme conditions and point to what extent the effect depends on the characteristics of the individual.