航空军品的项目风险管理

根据航空军品项目研制、生产、使用过程的特点，介绍了风险管理理论、项目管理理论和项目风险管理的方法步骤及技术途径。分析确定了影响航空军品较典型的一些风险源，对风险进行客观准确的定位预测和制定相应的控制方案，为完成项目提供安全保障。     

信息项目中的风险管理

信息项目由于项目过程中不确定因素太多，因此风险较高。为保证项目的进度和成本符合项目计划，一个优秀的项目经理需要进行有效的风险管理。因此，风险识别、分析与处理技能是项目经理的必备素质。本文结合开发案例进行初步探讨。     

装备研制项目的模糊挣值管理方法

由于装备研制项目广泛存在着技术风险,其预算成本难以用确定数描述,而现有挣值管理技术通常用确定数描述项目费用基线,忽视了项目的技术风险因素。为此,将技术风险引入挣值管理(EVM)方法,提出了一种装备研制项目的模糊挣值管理(FEVM)改进方法。该方法充分考虑了装备研制中的技术风险问题,利用技术成熟度(TRL)对项目计划成本进行估算,在此基础上,利用模糊数学理论,给出了一种基于可能度的高风险项目的成本和进度的模糊评价标准,并对项目的完工成本(ECC)和完工时间(ECT)进行了模糊预测。最后,通过案例对文中的方法进行了阐述。该方法针对装备研制项目技术风险大的特点,进一步拓展了挣值管理的适用性,对于决策者控制风险、保证项目的费用和进度具有一定指导意义和参考价值。     

供应商选择定量模型的探讨

文章综合层次分析法和基准对比法的优点,选定时间、质量、成本、服务、柔性为关键决策因素,以加权相对偏差距离最小为目标,建立了简单易操作的供应商选择定量模型.     

基于适航要求的飞机和发动机多余度信号表决设计

为保证机双发或4发在相同油门杆／操纵杆角度下的推力／功率一致,发动机控制系统可使用来自飞机的环境温度、 压力信号。适航要求当飞机信号发生错误时发动机推力变化不超过3%,因此发动机控制系统需要具备飞机信号容错能力。为满 足以上要求,以发动机传感器信号为基准,根据适航条件计算飞机各信号的加权系数,综合发动机传感器基准信号、飞机信号加权 系数及其优先级顺序,设计出飞发系统之间多余度信号加权平均综合表决算法。结果表明：利用该算法,在同时满足飞机多台发 动机推力一致性需求和适航要求的前提下,可选择出精度、可信度较高的信号,在信号选择状态发生变化时,能够保证发动机推力 平稳过渡。     

关于建立航空电子元器件供应商信压评价模型的研究

依据国家标准GB—T23793—2009构建了供应商评价指标体系,结合军品科研生产实际用层次分析法确定了各级指标权重,建立了基于模糊综合评价方法的供应商信用综合评价模型,其中改进了最大隶属度原则,提出了综合评价向量加权合成算子。该模型以定性评价为输入．输出了定量评价结果。最后通过实例应用分析,验证了该模型的合理性。     

军机联合研制策略的成本问题探讨

综合多军种的需求来联合研制军机，是降低整体风险和成本的有效方法，不过，这一方法似乎在F-35项目上遭遇了“滑铁卢”。但分析表明，与单军种研制相比，联合研制策略在研制成本和单机成本上具有优势，联合研制导致的“一机多型”并非项目成本上涨的主要原因。     

论民用飞机的项目管理(之三) 实现价值管理系统中的飞机项目管理

项目管理永远关注着两件事:完成项目的总成本和完成项目的时间。实现价值管理系统则全面考虑了项目的三大约束,即范围、进度和成本。实现价值方法利用"三维测量、两项指标和一套基准",既能准确地描述项目的进展状态,又能有效地预测出项目的最终成本,并能准确地预测工期进度,是一种简便而有效的控制项目进度和成本的预警系统。     

B-2"双赢"维修战略挑战美空军传统机队维修方法

传统的军品生产和维修工作是生产商和军方完全脱节的，现在美空军从Ｂ－２机队的维修入手，实施一种制造商和空军装备维修站联合开展机队维修的全新维护方法，从而达到了双双节省资金、资源和人力的“双赢”目的     

工程项目施工阶段的风险分析与防范

风险管理是一个通过确定和度量项目风险，对潜在的意外损失进行分辩、评估、选择、预防、制定、控制管理风险处理方案的过程。而工程项目作为集经济、技术、管理、组织等于一体的综合性社会活动，又具有施工规模大、周期长、范围广、内容环节多、不可预见因素多等复杂特点，在各个方面都存在着不确定性，这些不确定性，会造成工程项目实施的失控现象，比如工程延长、成本增加，最终导致工程经济效益降低、甚至项目失败，因此，项目管理人员必须充分重视工程项目的风险管理，并通过对项目的风险进行识别、定性、量化分析，对风险进行控制、转移等方式，避免降低工程风险的损失程度，实现工程项目的全面控制管理。     

Potentials of manufacture and repair of nickel base turbine components used in aero engines and power plants by laser metal deposition and laser drilling

IntroductionExpensive turbine parts like HPT(HighPressure Turine)blades or vanes are replaced bynew parts in case of damage.For example theburn through of the inner side of a blade or vane(Figure 1)is a frequently appearing damage,which cannot be repaired…     

Abnormal Shape Mould Winding

为解决网格化芯模的缠绕问题,本文提出了复合材料面片缠绕机理;接着详细分析了面片缠绕过程中的芯模凹曲面上纤维滑线和架空现象,应用微分几何曲面理论和空间几何理论,提出判据及其解决方案;最后,针对飞机发动机进气道的缠绕成型,编制缠绕控制程序并进行相应的实验,验证了面片缠绕方法的可行性。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Enhancing the efectiveness of film cooling

Advanced gas turbine stages are designed to operate at increasingly higher inlet temperatures to increase thermal efficiency and specific power output.To maintain durability and reasonable life,film cooling is needed in addition to internal cooling,especially for the first stage.Film cooling lowers material temperature by forced convection inside film-cooling holes and by forming a layer of coolant about component surfaces to insulate them from the hot gases.Unfortunately,each cooling jet forms a pair of counter-rotating vortices that entrains hot gas and causes the film-cooling jet to lift off from the surface that it is intended to protect.This paper gives an overview of efforts to enhance the effectiveness of film-cooling.This paper also describes two new design concepts.One design concept seeks to minimize the entrainment of hot gases underneath of film-cooling jets by using flow-aligned blockers.The other design concept shifts the interaction between the approaching hot gas and the cooling jet to occur further above the surface by using an upstream ramp.For both design concepts,computational fluid dynamics results are presented to examine their usefulness in enhancing film-cooling effectiveness.      

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.     

Blockage effect on the flow around a cylinder probe in calibration

Flow around a 2-D cylinder pressure probe placed in uniform flow,free jet flow,and wind tunnel flow was analyzed with potential flow theory and simulated with numerical method.Blockage effect was investigated under several typical flow Mach numbers.The result from numerical simulation shows a similar trend to the one from potential flow method while varies in quantity.Wind tunnel walls accelerate the flow near the probe and thus produce a blockage effect;Boundary of free jet flow,however,decelerates the flow and thus produces a "negative" blockage effect.A maximum incoming Mach number exists when the probe is calibrated in wind tunnel in high subsonic condition due to choking caused by shocks and shock induced separation.The critical Mach number varies with blockage ratio,which makes high Mach number impossible to achieve in large blockage ratio condition.The blockage effect itself is unavoidable for calibration or measurement although a sufficiently small blockage ratio brings minor effect.Correction can be implemented based on the numerical simulation result presented in this paper and further works.      

基于马赫数分布可控曲面外/内锥形基准流场的前体/进气道一体化设计

提出了一种高超声速飞行器乘波前体的外锥形基准流场设计方法,在锥面马赫数分布规律给定的条件下,通过有旋特征线法实现反设计,提高了基准流场设计的灵活性。该基准流场通过锥形"下凹"弯曲激波和波后等熵压缩波系压缩气流,可以在较短的长度内完成高效压缩。基于反正切马赫数分布外锥形基准流场设计的乘波前体具有较高的容积率,乘波特性良好且出口均匀,设计点时有黏升阻比为1.89。另外,基于该乘波前体和马赫数分布可控的内收缩进气道给出了一种双乘波的前体与进气道一体化设计方案,实现了内外流分别独立乘波,充分发挥了乘波前体和内收缩进气道的各自优势。     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

Convergence Analysis of the Numerical Solution for Cathode Design of Aero-engine Blades in Electrochemical Machining

As a main difficult problem encountered in electrochemical machining （ECM）, the cathode design is tackled, at present, with various numerical analysis methods such as finite difference, finite element and boundary element methods. Among them, the finite element method presents more flexibility to deal with the irregularly shaped workpieces. However, it is very difficult to ensure the convergence of finite element numerical approach. This paper proposes an accurate model and a finite element numerical approach of cathode design based on the potential distribution in inter-electrode gap. In order to ensure the convergence of finite element numerical approach and increase the accuracy in cathode design, the cathode shape should be iterated to eliminate the design errors in computational process. Several experiments are conducted to verify the machining accuracy of the designed cathode. The experimental results have proven perfect convergence and good computing accuracy of the proposed finite element numerical approach by the high surface quality and dimensional accuracy of the machined blades.