Fabrication of Diamond-like Carbon Films by Ion Assisted Middle Frequency Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films are deposited by the Hall ion source assisted by the mid-frequency unbalanced magnetron sput-tering technique. The effects of the substrate voltage bias, the substrate temperature, the Hall discharging current and the argon/nitrogen ratio on the DLC film’s performance were studied. The experimental results show that the film’s surface roughness, the hardness and the Young’s modulus increase firstly and then decrease with the bias voltage incrementally increases. Also when the substrate temperature rises, the surface roughness of the film varies slightly, but its hardness and Young’s modulus firstly increase followed by a sharp decrease when the temperature surpassing 120 ℃. With the Hall discharging current incrementally rising, the hardness and Young’s modulus of the film decrease and the surface roughness of the film on 316L stainless steel firstly decreased and then remains constant.     

脉冲激光刻蚀作用下冷喷涂沉积过程数值模拟

脉冲激光会烧蚀材料形成表面微纳结构,研究该刻蚀作用下的冷喷涂沉积过程,以提高表面修复质量与效率。首先,结合脉冲激光作用过程与实验观测结果建立了单/多粒子与基板的沉积模型;其次,运用热-结构耦合算法对存在表面微纳结构时的粒子/基板碰撞过程开展数值模拟,研究了脉冲激光刻蚀作用对冷喷涂材料沉积过程的影响;最后,分析了脉冲激光-冷喷涂复合修复过程中材料的沉积机理。结果表明,刻蚀作用形成的微纳结构使得粒子与基板的温度分布更加均匀,形变更加复杂,特别是碰撞中心区域的形变得到显著提升;且粒子碰撞在基板表面微纳结构的波峰处时应变、温升最大,波谷处时最小;脉冲激光-冷喷涂的沉积机理为塑性射流处的机械-物理结合与激光熔化区的冶金焊合。     

污垢沉积影响叶片表面换热的研究

选用了两个实际透平叶片MARKⅡ静叶和某高压透平静叶,前者为光滑叶片,后者为表面覆盖有圆台的粗糙表面叶片.利用CFD数值模拟技术对叶栅流道特性和叶片表面换热分布进行数值模拟计算,数值计算结果与实验结果对比验证了数值方法的可靠性.研究表明,准确预测转捩位置和选取合适的y+值是计算叶片表面换热特性的关键,剪切应力输运(SST)转捩模型预测的结果最令人满意.在粗糙叶片表面数值计算中,对表面粗糙度模型进行验证,然后详细分析了污垢沉积对叶片表面换热的影响.结果表明:随着叶片表面粗糙度的增大,叶片近壁面湍流增强,叶片的表面传热系数增大.      

基于动叶污垢沉积的数值模拟

采用三维数值方法研究了污垢沉积对压气机动叶性能的影响.对具有一定典型性的真实压气机动叶NASA Rotor 37进行数值研究,通过与文献中实验数据的对比,校核了商业CFD(computational fluid dynamics)计算代码的可靠性,结果表明计算得到的性能曲线与实验数据有较好的一致性,应用于数值模拟手段是可行的.随后通过增加叶片和端壁的表面粗糙度和厚度来模拟不同的污垢沉积程度对压气机动叶性能的影响,结果表明:增加叶片厚度和表面粗糙度都将引起总压比和等熵效率降低;增加表面粗糙度将导致流量下降,稳定工况范围向小流量方向移动;而增加叶片厚度将使得稳定工况范围明显减小,堵点流量下降较显著,这将导致动叶工作特性恶化程度增大.      

超临界压力下航空煤油RP-3壁面结焦特性对换热的影响

研究了超临界压力下航空煤油(RP-3)在微细管内流动过程中结焦对换热的影响规律.实验中系统压力保持为5MPa,燃油质量流量为3g/s.燃油溶解氧达到饱和,实验段进出口油温分别为127℃和450℃,实验时间为60min,并利用“称质法”获得煤油结焦量.结果表明:由于壁面结焦的差异使得换热特性沿实验段可分为3个区域:进口低温段的传热稳定区、结焦峰值处的传热恶化区和出口高温段的短期强化区.进口低温段结焦量较少,对换热的影响可以忽略;结焦峰值处由于其结焦迅速且量大致使管内传热热阻突增,传热系数下降36.1%故出现传热恶化;高温段出现短期强化是由于结焦微粒附着于管壁,增加了其粗糙度而导致近壁面处流体湍动能增大以及由于近壁面高温区域煤油裂解结焦而产生化学吸 热量,进而强化换热.随着时间的推移,结焦量不断增多,结焦热阻增加的效应抵消并超过以上两种因素的影响,因此又出现传热恶化.      

涡轮叶栅通道内颗粒物沉积过程的数值模拟

为了更加准确获得颗粒物在涡轮中的沉积分布,以某涡轮叶片为模型,选用最接近航空发动机内部颗粒组成的Jim Bridger Power Station(JBPS)颗粒为污染物,同时,利用C++编写合适的User Defined Function(UDF)经过调试来分析颗粒沉积后叶片边界的复杂变形和边界网格依赖于时间变化的重构生成,在考虑每个时间步长颗粒沉积在叶片上从而改变叶片几何特性和换热特性的情况下,来深入研究颗粒物沉积在叶片的整个过程,最终得出了沉积的分布情况,并且通过数值研究结果与实验结果的对比,验证了网格重构与融合程序的合理性、准确性。根据叶片变形情况预测腐蚀的发生情况。随后,改变主流温度、颗粒直径来研究颗粒沉积特性。结果表明:颗粒主要沉积在叶片压力面中部,但会使得叶片前缘和压力面中部均产生明显变形;叶片前缘由于颗粒沉积使得粗糙度增加形成锯齿形,最先遭受腐蚀;颗粒直径影响颗粒沉积的分布与沉积生长速度;只影响沉积速度,并不改变沉积分布。     

可见光迷彩低红外发射率薄膜制备及其特性

采用多弧离子镀技术,在Al基底上制备了TiO2/TiN多层膜。通过控制基底材料的粗糙度使制备出的薄膜在可见波段具有非镜面反射效果。采用扫描电镜、红外辐射率测量仪、紫外-可见-近红外光光度计等测试手段对薄膜样品进行了表征。结果表明,采用多弧离子镀法在Al基底上制备了结合力良好、具有迷彩效果的低红外发射率薄膜。研究发现,随氧化层厚度增加,薄膜发射率趋向稳定(0.2左右)。薄膜电阻随氧化层厚度的变化无明显变化。     

Preparation,Growth Mechanisms and Characterizations of ZnSe Films via the Solvothermal Method

With diethylamine as a solvent, ZnSe films were formed on the Si substrate directly from zinc and selenium through the modified solvothermal method. The effects of holding temperature, deposition time and substrate surface treatment on the quality and morpholo-gies of the ZnSe films were investigated. The growth mechanism of ZnSe films was proved to be a layer-nucleation growth process, which was tied in with the Stranski-Krastanov (SK) model. ZnSe films were identified by the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), the scan-ning electron microscope (SEM), the X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) and the photoluminescence (PL) techniques. The results indicate that the modified solvothermal method with diethylamine as a solvent is suitable to prepare high quality ZnSe films.     

Experimental and numerical study of deposition mechanisms for cold spray additive manufacturing process

Cold spray is an attractive and rapidly developing process for additive manufacturing with high efficiency and precision, repairing and coating, especially in aircraft and aerospace applications. Cold spray additive manufacturing deposits micro-particles with large plastic deformation below their melting point, eliminating heat effect zone which could deteriorate the quality of repairing zone. The particle deposition in cold spray is a complex process which involves high strain rate,high contact...     

用光探测器测量激光陀螺反射镜的前后向散射——研究表面粗糙及波度对散射的影响

研究了激光陀螺反射镜基片表面粗糙度和波度前、后向散射的测量计算及其对散射的影响。研究结果表明:在同样的精度下,表面粗糙度比波度对散射的影响更大.因此.提高表面粗糙度的精度是降低激光陀螺反射镜或其它超高反射率镜面散射损耗的主要途径。     

Experimental and modeling study of surface topography generation considering tool-workpiece vibration in high-precision turning

High-precision turning(HPT) is a main processing method for manufacturing rotary high-precision components, especially for metallic parts. However, the generated vibration between tool tip and workpiece during turning may seriously deteriorate the surface integrity. Therefore,exploring the effect of vibration on turning surface morphology and quality of copper parts using3D surface topography regeneration model is crucial for predicting HPT performance. This developed model can update the machin...     

Slip boundary conditions for rough surfaces

The velocity slip and temperature jump for a two-dimensional rough plate under hypersonic conditions were analyzed using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Surface roughness was explicitly modeled by introducing various structures on the flat plate. The influences of relative roughness height, which involves the roughness height, roughness spacing, incoming velocity, and the degree of rarefaction, were analyzed and discussed. It is found that with the increase of the relative roughness height, the jump temperature increases, while the slip velocity decreases gradually. The effects of surface roughness on the slip coefficients can be attributed to the change of accommodation coefficients. A new slip model for rough surfaces was established in this paper, which accounts for the coupling effects of gas rarefaction and surface roughness, without the effort to model the surface roughness explicitly. The nitrogen flows in the microchannel, and flows over a blunt cone and an axisymmetric bi-conic body, were simulated under the modified and conventional slip boundary conditions, respectively. The numerical solutions were validated with experimental data. It can be safely concluded that compared with the traditional first-order slip boundary conditions, the modified slip model improves the accuracy of macroscopic properties, especially the heat transfer coefficient.     

舰船燃气轮机高压涡轮颗粒沉积特性研究

为了探究典型舰船燃气轮机高压涡轮叶栅通道内部的颗粒沉积分布规律,论文以分析随燃气进入涡轮叶栅通道内的颗粒的动力学及颗粒与壁面相互作用的特性为出发点,探究颗粒与涡轮叶片表面撞击后发生黏附与剥离以及沉积与反弹的相互作用准则,在此基础上构建相应的颗粒壁面沉积模型,采用数值模拟方法,建立气-固两相流无量纲方程组,嵌入UDF用户自定义函数,并比较分析临界速度模型和临界黏度模型对于模拟颗粒沉积分布的异同。结果表明,在本文工况条件下,对于临界速度模型而言,叶片表面和下端壁处的颗粒沉积效率都在动量Stokes数增大到约0.1时开始从100%减小,在动量Stokes数增加到约10后减小到0;上端壁处的颗粒沉积效率在动量Stokes数增加到约1时开始从100%减小,在动量Stokes数增大到约100后减小到0。而对于临界黏度模型而言,叶片表面和下端壁处的颗粒沉积效率随着动量Stokes数的增大而不断增大,二者都在动量Stokes数约为1时达到100%,而上端壁处的沉积效率却先增大后减小,最后再增大,在动量Stokes数约为0.1颗粒沉积效率降低到最小值约为80%,后开始增加到100%。     

EB-PVD工艺中基板温度对材料形成过程的影响

针对电子束物理气相沉积（EB-PVD）设备的特点，研究基板温度对材料形成过程的影响。首先建立薄膜生长的基本扩散模型，然后用嵌入原子法（EAM）计算扩散激活能，以入射粒子跃迁概率表征入射原子在表面上的稳定程度，研究基板温度对低能Ni在Ni表面上扩散过程的影响。分别在较低（250～450K）和较高（750～1000K）两种温度下进行上述计算。研究结果表明，基板温度对跃迁概率的影响存在临界值，Ni为375K；当基板温度低于375K时，基板温度对跃迁概率影响很小，而当基板温度高于375K时，跃迁概率随基板温度增加呈指数增长；基板温度较低（Ni低于375K）时入射原子在表面上不扩散，易形成多孔疏松状材料，而较高的基板温度则有利于密实材料的形成。     

加工工艺对7075 铝合金紧固孔表面质量的影响

为确定最佳制孔工艺、获得理想表面特性,从表面完整性和疲劳寿命角度对7075铝合金飞机紧固孔表面质量进行了实验性和数值仿真研究.通过比较常规多步制孔和钻扩铰一步复合工艺(Winslow),发现钻扩铰多步慢进给工艺(DBM)和Winslow所产生的表面具有较小的Ra值,较少的加工缺陷、较大的残余压应力及较高的疲劳强度,而后者的Ra值低于前者60％,疲劳寿命高于前者23％;基于实验数据,建立了切削参数对表面粗糙度和残余应力影响的经验公式;应用数值仿真分析了加工过程中应变和切削温度的变化规律;探讨了Winslow工艺的强化机理;指出适当减少进给量、增加切削速度能够提高紧固孔的表面质量.     

壁面的表面粗糙度引起的Stokes层亚临界不稳定性

用数值模拟的方法研究了二维壁面的表面粗糙度下Stokes层的非线性亚临界不稳定性问题.发现当粗糙度高度极小时,响应系数曲线与线性情况就会产生较大偏离.随着粗糙度高度的增加,扰动1阶谱会出现亚谐波的成分,粗糙度高度的进一步增加使扰动1阶谱进入混乱阶段,显示出亚临界失稳的过程.根据粗糙度高度与扰动1阶谱演化的特征关系,定义了临界粗糙度高度,并给出临界粗糙度高度与雷诺数的关系曲线.结果表明:临界粗糙度高度随着雷诺数增大而减小.雷诺数为300左右时,微米量级的粗糙度高度就可能引起Stokes层的亚临界失稳,发生转捩,由此也可以给出实验中观测到的转捩通常都发生在雷诺数为300附近的原因.      

KDP晶体的磁流变抛光工艺研究

研究了磁流变液中水含量对KDP工件表面粗糙度的影响;通过在磁流变液循环系统中控制磁流变液的参数,实现了去除函数的稳定,为修形工艺奠定了基础;在自研的KDMRF-200磁流变机床上进行修形实验,口径为Φ75mm的KDP工件面形精度由0.936λ(PV)收敛到0.321λ(PV),低频误差明显改善。     

风力机组叶片的先进翼型族设计

大型风力机组叶片设计需要专用的翼型族,以满足风力机组运行的环境要求。高升阻比、低粗糙度影响是该翼型族的气动性能特点。为了发展我国具有自主知识产权的风力机专用翼型族,在科技部863项目的支持下,北京航空航天大学联合国内气动研究单位,通过理论分析、数值模拟和风洞试验等技术途径,开发了两个适用于大型风力机组叶片的先进翼型族。理论分析和风洞试验表明,设计结果基本达到了预先设定的气动性能指标。     

Effects of Shot Peening Process on Thermal Cycling Lifetime of TBCs Prepared by EB-PVD

Conventional two-layered thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are prepared by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) with ZrO2-8 wt% Y2O3 (8YSZ) as top coat and CoCrAlY as bond coat on disk-shaped Ni based super-alloy. In this paper, three kinds of shot peening process with different lengths of operating time were adopted for bond coating. As a result, changes took place in its sur- face roughness and the surface micro-hardness. A thermal cycling test at 1 273 K×55 min and another at room temperature for 5 min were performed to study the effects of shot peening process on the thermal cycling lifetime of TBCs. It is found that a moderate shot peening process will be able to prolong the life time. The oxidation dynamic of the as-processed TBCs basically accords with the para- bolic rule, and the oxidation test also attests to the spallation between YSZ and thermal growth oxide (TGO) responsible mainly for the failure of TBCs.     

叶尖粗糙度与倾角对光纤传感器输出特性影响

航空发动机涡轮叶片叶尖间隙变化影响发动机效率也蕴含丰富的发动机健康状态信息。实际叶尖间隙变化表现为3维变化,且叶尖表面受高温气流剥蚀等影响表面粗糙度发生变化。为探究其对光纤传感器测量叶尖间隙精度的影响,利用ZEMAX光学仿真软件分析了双圈同轴式光纤传感器在叶尖表面粗糙度变化和倾角变化影响下的输出特性,并搭建3维叶尖间隙静态标定平台对上述影响进行试验。结果表明:粗糙度和倾角增大均导致传感器灵敏度降低、零点位置后移。该结果为实现叶尖间隙变化的3维精确测量提供理论和试验依据。