航天服靴子对比试验

为了保障行星舱外活动（EVA）系统技术、硬件和开发，NASA／约翰逊航天中心先进航天服技术实验室已经进行了一系列野外作业。作业的目的在于搜集资料和在月球／火星相似地形下通过观测身着航天服的试验对象进行典型的行星表面舱外活动积累经验。试验过程中，可以发现当前用于行星登陆的航天服靴子设计存在的不足之处。     

舱外航天服的工效学问题及其研究方法

阐述了舱外航天服在航天员出舱活动(EVA)过程中的作用、舱外航天服工效设计对保障航天员生命安全和EVA质量的意义，以及航天服设计必须考虑的各类因素。并在此基础上探讨了航天服设计研究的主要手段与方法，强调了现阶段利用虚拟人体进行舱外航天服工效学分析的可行性。     

对新型航天服背入式穿脱系统的评估

舱外活动（EVA）期间的工作能力取决于航天员穿着的航天服，能够快速、安全地穿上航天服，这种能力对于使EVA有效时间最大化是至关重要的。独立穿着航天服的能力也是必需的，航天服的灵活性限定了工作空间的包络面。适宜的活动性也同样是最大化有效EVA时间所必需的，     

国际空间站舱外活动环境的无线视频系统

无线视频系统（WVS）支持国际空间站（ISS）的装配，它可实时地向航天飞机轨道器（SSO）和飞行任务控制中心（MCC）提供航天员舱外活动（EVA）的视频监督信息。功能模块图解如图1所示，图里包括乘员舱、载荷平台以及舱外机动装置射频（RF）摄相机组件（ERCA）。乘员舱组件提供系统性能的控制和监测，此组件包括两个独立的部分，一个是由乘员使用的面板接口（无线视频接口盒-WIB），     

月球和火星任务航天服使用需求与系统方案评估

为了保障NASA“太空愿景”（VSE）的完成，需要将人类送往月球和火星，其中包含了多种作业环境，在这些环境中航天员需要穿着舱内或舱外航天服。NASA提出了4种候选航天服体系结构，包含了从飞船发射、进入到微重力和行星表面舱外活动（EVA）保障任务高效完成的航天服数量和类型。本文进行的研究旨在确定VSE任务组成部分中航天服的使用和功能需求，确定当时的技术设计驱动因素，并为分析4种体系结构建立了相关权重因数。分析提出了对4种体系结构的选择建议。     

一种混合弹性EVA手套的评估

本文阐述了对4000系列美国舱外航天服（EMU）手套和实验中混合弹性航天服手套的评估和比较。由于今后几年在国际空间站（ISS）建造和维护过程中日益增加的舱外活动（EVA），要求手套具有很高的灵巧性和活动性并能最大程度地减小航天员的手部疲劳。手套的设计通常被认为是航天服中最复杂、要求最苛刻的部分，大量报道已证实，上加压手套会引起性能和抓握力损失。更加灵巧的手套要求更低的代谢量，这种发展是今后主要的探索目标。     

设计月球和火星任务用的智能航天服

“阿波罗”计划航天员在月面14次舱外活动（EVA）中得到了监测其安全及健康的地面保障大军的真正支持。倘若对EVA的后勤、距离以及次数都是预测好的,那这对于未来在月球和火星上的EVA可是不可能的。未来的航天服必须非常智能化而不再依赖地面保障。下一代航天服可使用本文描述的两套软件系统来实现这个目标：LEGACI（生命保障,测定导引算法和消耗品询问应答机）和VIOLET（生命保障和探究跟踪语音启动执行机构）。这些虚拟指南利用一套生物传感器和舱外航天服内的通信设备、电子设备、信息学软件一起传送的实时数据,提供EVA现状、生命保障消耗品、生理特性和安全情况的即时信息。此系统正在美国航空航天局约翰逊航天中心正在实施的整套航天服测试计划中接受评估。本研究提供的是这次系列测试的数据和结果。     

国际空间站俄罗斯舱外航天服首次使用结果

对已装配好的各舱段的安装和维修，是由舱外活动(EVA)乘组人员进行的，这是国际空间站建造活动的重要部分，而且已经开始进行了。至2002年7月1日为止，使用俄罗斯“Orlan-M”航天服(SS)从国际空间站进行了7次EVA，使用美国舱外航天服装备(EMIU)(从通用气闸舱)进行了1次EVA。     

美国舱外航天服装备使用和保养经验

介绍 未来近地轨道和行星航天服将建立在现在的舱外航天服装备（EMU）基础之上。直到2005年，EMU已成功保障了91次EVA任务（通常每次EVA使用两套EMU），在未来5～10年中，为了完成国际空间站（ISS）的建造，还要保障30～60次EVA。     

美、俄舱外活动吸氧排氮方案

减压病（DCS）是环境压力降低的结果，被认为是由于溶解到人体组织和血液中的气体（尤其是氮气）形成气泡并不断增多造成的。在当前的航天计划中，为了达到在舱外空间作业中的最大关节灵活度和最低疲劳度，乘员在舱外活动（EVA）时所穿的舱外航天服（EMU）的压力要低于飞船舱内的压力，这就使得在舱外活动期间存在着DCS的危险。舱外活动中肌肉与骨骼疼痛可影响作业任务的操作，而症状严重则可危及整个飞行任务的安全。因此，防止乘员发生DCS是舱外活动医学保障中的一项非常实际和重要的工作。目前，防止减压病的方法是吸氧排氮，由于压力制度的不同，美国和俄罗斯的吸氧排氮方法各有特色。     

Extravehicular activity training and hardware design consideration

Preparing astronauts to perform the many complex extravehicular activity (EVA) tasks required to assemble and maintain Space Station will be accomplished through training simulations in a variety of facilities. The adequacy of this training is dependent on a thorough understanding of the task to be performed, the environment in which the task will be performed, high-fidelity training hardware and an awareness of the limitations of each particular training facility. Designing hardware that can be successfully operated, or assembled, by EVA astronauts in an efficient manner, requires an acute understanding of human factors and the capabilities and limitations of the space-suited astronaut. Additionally, the significant effect the microgravity environment has on the crew members' capabilities has to be carefully considered not only for each particular task, but also for all the overhead related to the task and the general overhead associated with EVA. This paper will describe various training methods and facilities that will be used to train EVA astronauts for Space Station assembly and maintenance. User-friendly EVA hardware design considerations and recent EVA flight experience will also be presented.     

Energy utilization rates during shuttle extravehicular activities

The work rates or energy utilization rates during EVA are major factors in sizing of life support systems. These rates also provide a measure of ease of EVA and its cost in crew fatigue. From the first Shuttle EVA on the STS-6 mission in 1983, we have conducted 59 man-EVA and 341 man-hours of EVA. Energy utilization rates have been measured on each of these EVA. Metabolic rate was measured during each EVA using oxygen utilization corrected for suit leakage. From 1981–1987, these data were available for average data over the EVA or over large segments of the EVA. Since 1987, EVA oxygen utilization data were available at 2-minute intervals. The average metabolic rate on Shuttle EVA (194 kcal/hr.) has been significantly lower than metabolic rates during Apollo and Skylab missions. Peak rates have been below design levels, infrequent, and of short duration. The data suggest that the energy cost of tasks may be inversely related to the degree of training for the task. The data provide insight on the safety margins provided by life support designs and on the energy cost of Station construction EVA.     

EVA worksite analysis—Use of computer analysis for EVA operations development and execution

To sustain the rate of extravehicular activity (EVA) required to assemble and maintain the International Space Station, we must enhance our ability to plan, train for, and execute EVAs. An underlying analysis capability has been developed to ensure EVA access to all external worksites as a starting point for ground training, to generate information needed for on-orbit training, and to react quickly to develop contingency EVA plans, techniques, and procedures. This paper describes the use of computer-based EVA worksite analysis techniques for EVA worksite design. EVA worksite analysis has been used to design 80% of EVA worksites on the U.S. portion of the International Space Station. With the launch of the first U.S. element of the station, EVA worksite analysis is being developed further to support real-time analysis of unplanned EVA operations. This paper describes this development and deployment of EVA worksite analysis for International Space Station (ISS) mission support.     

Canada and the International Space Station program: overview and status

The twelve months since IAF 2000 have been perhaps the most exciting, challenging and rewarding months for Canada since the beginning of our participation in the International Space Station program in 1984. The highlight was the successful launch, on-orbit check out, and the first operational use of Canadarm2, the Space Station Remote Manipulator System, between April and July 2001. The anomalies encountered and the solutions found to achieve this success are described in the paper. The paper describes, also, the substantial progress that has been made, during the twelve months since IAF 2000, by Canada as it continues to complete work on all flight-elements of its contribution to the International Space Station and as we transition into real-time Space Station operations support and Canadian utilization. Canada's contribution to the International Space Station is the Mobile Servicing System (MSS), the external robotic system that is key to the successful assembly of the Space Station, the maintenance of its external systems, astronaut EVA support, and the servicing of external science payloads. The MSS ground segment that supports MSS operations, training, sustaining engineering, and logistics activities is reaching maturity. The MSS Engineering Support Center and the MSS Sustaining Engineering Facility are providing real-time support for on-orbit operations, and a Canadian Payloads Telescience Operations Center is now in place. Mission Controllers, astronauts and cosmonauts from all Space Station Partners continue to receive training at the Canadian Space Agency. The Remote Multi Purpose Room, one element of the MSS Operations Complex, will be ready to assume backroom support in 2002. Canada has completed work on identifying its Space Station utilization activities for the period 2000 through 2004. Also during the past twelve months the CSA drafted and is proceeding with the approval of a Canadian Space Station Commercialization Policy. Canadian astronauts have now participated in three ISS assembly missions--Julie Payette on STS-96, Marc Garneau on STS-97, and Chris Hadfield on STS-100 in April 2001 during which he performed Canada's first EVA and the successful installation of the Space Station Remote Manipulator System.     

国际空间站集成ECLSS/TCS试验综述

空间站集成ECLSS/TCS（环境控制与生命保障系统/热控系统）试验是一种系统级常压试验,用于单舱或多舱整体性能的鉴定和验收。文章介绍了国际空间站的环境试验标准,以及国际空间站计划中美国、欧洲及日本的集成ECLSS/TCS试验发展情况,主要包括试验项目、试验功能及试验平台组成等。根据国际空间站集成ECLSS/TCS试验的特点,提出了我国发展该项试验的建议。     

Suited crewmember productivity

Analysis of the extravehicular activity (EVA) sortie experience gained in the former Soviet Union and physiologic hygienic aspect of space suit design and development shows that crewmember productivity is related to the following main factors: -space suit microclimate (gas composition, pressure and temperature); -limitation of motion activity and perception, imposed by the space suit; -good crewmember training in the ground training program; -level of crewmember general physical performance capabilities in connection with mission duration and intervals between sorties; -individual EVA experience (with accumulation) at which workmanship improves, while metabolism, physical and emotional stress decreases; -concrete EVA duration and work rate; -EVA bioengineering, including selection of tools, work station, EVA technology and mechanization.     

Moments applied in the manual assembly of space structures: EASE biomechanics results from STS-61B

Measurements of the level and pattern of moments applied in the manual assembly of a space structure were made in extravehicular activity (EVA) and neutral buoyancy simulation (NBS). The Experimental Assembly of Structures in EVA program included the repeated assembly of a 3.6 m tetrahedral truss structure in EVA on STS-61B after extensive neutral buoyancy crew training. The flight and training structures were of equivalent mass and geometry to allow a direct correlation between EVA and NBS performance. A stereo photographic motion camera system was used to reconstruct in three dimensions rotational movements of structural beams during assembly. Moments applied in these manual handling tasks were calculated on the basis of the reconstructed movements taking into account effects of inertia, drag and virtual mass. Applied moments of 2.0 Nm were typical for beam rotations in EVA. Corresponding applied moments in NBS were typically up to five times greater. Moments were applied as impulses separated by several seconds of coasting in both EVA and NBS. Decelerating impulses were only infrequently observed in NBS.     

Simulation by personal workstation for man-machine interface design

This paper presents a simulation tool which has been developed for Man-Machine interface (MMI) design study, in the context of the European EVA Space Suit System development, under contract of ESA/ESTEC. The main new point is that this simulation is based on a personal workstation, and not on a heavy real-time computer, as in most simulation centres. It will be used in ESTEC to perform low cost simulations of the front part of a manned system, to improve and develop MMI with efficiency.     

EVA Suit 2000: a joint European/Russian space suit design

A feasibility study in 1992 showed the benefits of a common European Russian space suit development, EVA Suit 2000, replacing the Russian space suit Orlan-DMA and the planned European Hermes EVA space suit at the turn of the century. This EVA Suit 2000 is a joint development initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Space Agency (RKA). The main objectives of this development program are: first utilization aboard the Russian Space Station MIR-2; performance improvement with respect to current operational suits; development cost reduction. Russian experience gained with the present extravehicular activity (EVA) suit on the MIR Space Station and extensive application of European Technologies will be needed to achieve these ambitious goals. This paper presents the current status of the development activities, the space suit system design and concentrates in more detail on life support aspects. Specific subjects addressed will include the overall life support conceptual architecture, design features, crew comfort and operational considerations.