提高产品成熟度以加强外协管控

通过载人航天工程二步一阶段的成功飞行试验验证,载人飞船产品的设计质量得到不断提高,任务需求已经转变为天地往返的应用性飞行。在神舟十一号单机研制过程中,重点关注外协产品的"产品制造工艺成熟程度"和"产品过程控制成熟程度",加强精细化管控措施的落实,不断提炼提高神舟系列飞船产品成熟度的经验,以适应后续空间站阶段载人飞船产品批量化生产的需求。     

基于旋翼无人机技术的近地磁测系统

为了提高无人机航空磁探测精度,文章利用大疆六旋翼无人机作为飞行平台,搭载三轴磁通门传感器及相应的数据采集子系统,组建了旋翼无人机磁场测量系统;分析和测量了六旋翼无人机本底磁性分布特征,优化了无磁伸杆的安装位置;采用综合系数法修正了三轴磁通门传感器的误差;最后进行了野外飞行试验,对旋翼无人机磁测系统的整体性能进行验证。结果表明,系统可持续飞行15 min,可有效完成低空磁场探测和磁矩计算,且飞行稳定性能高。文章进一步提出了技术改进方向。该研究可为无人机磁探技术和工程应用提供参考。     

SiP陶瓷芯片水汽含量控制工艺方法研究

结合宇航级陶瓷封装芯片的特点和水汽控制要求,对SiP陶瓷封装工艺进行了研究,分析了陶瓷封装过程中产生水汽的各个因素,优化了封装生产工艺流程,增加了预烘转运过程下厂监制,保证了转运时间的工艺过程管控,通过试验验证了管控措施的有效性。     

长三丙成功发射探月工程三期再入返回飞行试验器

10月24日2点00分,我国自行研制的探月工程三期再入返回飞行试验器,在西昌卫星发射中心用长征三号丙运载火箭发射升空,准确进入近地点高度为209公里、远地点高度41.3万公里的地月转移轨道.我国探月工程首次实施的再入返回飞行试验首战告捷.     

服务“一带一路”沿线国家的卫星综合智能管控系统设想

本文为了统筹管理和协调使用"一带一路"沿线国家的通信、导航、遥感卫星和地面站资源,提高星地资源的综合使用效能,针对沿线国家不同类型用户复杂多样的卫星使用需求,开展了卫星综合智能管控系统的需求分析、设计与仿真评估,重点研究多类型用户需求智能化辅助分析、多星多任务协同规划与调度、星地一体化的效能评估等关键内容。提出了"一带一路"智能化卫星综合调度和管控总体架构设想,设计了与通信卫星、气象/海洋/资源卫星、导航卫星、沿线国家卫星的运行流程及接口关系。通过综合调度沿线国家通导遥卫星,提供覆盖"一带一路"沿线的通信、遥感、导航服务,可以在应急减灾、气象预报、海洋监测等方面提升服务能力,在"一带一路"发展框架下,更好地利用空间资源为沿线国家和地区提供服务。     

在轨释放、分离载荷动力学仿真研究

某些航天器需要在飞行过程中释放、分离载荷,由此涉及的动力学问题,关系到航天器平台与载荷的控制。文章主要对此类航天器的多体动力学问题进行研究,基于机械系统动力学仿真分析（ADAMS）软件平台建立了包括航天器平台、载荷和两类分离机构等在内的仿真模型,通过对三种在轨释放、分离载荷方案的分离过程动力学仿真结果对比分析以及参数化仿真分析,为载荷释放、分离方案设计提供参考。     

探月飞行的调相轨道

早期的探月飞行都采用直接由地球飞到月球的地月转移方式,探测器由运载火箭直接发送到地月转移轨道,这样做的好处是飞行时间比较短,只需3至5天的时间。20世纪90年代开始的新一轮探月活动中采用了一种新的飞行方式,探测器飞离地球前,先在绕地球飞行的调相轨道上运行若干圈,这样做的好处有三：一是可以在运载火箭能力不够的情况下,由探测器来补充;二是可以减小转移轨道中途修正的负担;三是可以扩大发射机会窗口。文章以嫦娥一号探测器及美、日的两个月球探测器为例,详细讨论了这种新的飞行方式,同时还对我国后续探月计划的飞行轨道提出了初步建议。     

快速制备不同预制体C／C复合材料摩擦学性能研究

分别以短纤维模压毡和炭布叠层为预制体,采用快速CVI工艺制备C/C复合材料,测试了2种不同材料的干态静摩擦性能和干态动摩擦性能,分析了预制体结构及试验条件对其摩擦性能的影响,并探讨了该材料的摩擦磨损机理.结果表明,静摩擦系数随刹车比压增加而减小;快速制备C/C复合材料的磨损率非常低,具有良好的磨损性能,提高垂直取向(垂直于摩擦面)纤维的含量有利于减少磨屑量,降低磨损率.短纤维模压毡预制体制备的C/C复合材料的磨损率低于炭布叠层预制体.     

一种小型固体运载火箭末级多约束制导方法

针对耗尽关机的固体运载火箭末级多约束制导问题，提出了在真空飞行段设计一种具有速度管控能力的多约束制导方法。同时针对速度管控引起的状态矢量耦合问题，基于定点制导算法推导出一种适用于耗尽关机制导的拓展理论算法，通过求解交变姿态速度管控方向实现对耦合项的抑制；并对大气层外“助推-滑行-助推”的任务模式，在此理论基础上推导出滑行点火时间、〖JP2〗需要速度矢量与终端轨道根数之间的理论关系，解决了固体运载火箭在固定弧长条件下的两点边值问题。蒙特卡洛仿真结果表明：该制导算法对不同载荷任务具有较强的适应能力，对模型的参数偏差及不确定性具有高制导精度和强鲁棒性，因此该算法具有一定的理论意义和工程应用价值。     

“小飞”太空打水漂 “嫦娥”探路把家还——关注“嫦娥”5号试验器首试绕月返回任务

2014年10月24日,我国探月工程三期再入返回飞行试验器——“嫦娥”5号试验器成功发射升空,大家都亲切叫它“小飞”。其主要目的是突破和掌握探月航天器再入返回的关键技术,为嫦娥五号月球采样返回任务提供技术支持。11月1日,“小飞”的返回器在内蒙古四子王旗预定区域顺利着陆,标志着我国探月工程三期首次再人返回飞行试验任务实现了“准时发射、精确入轨,可靠飞行、精准回收”的目标。     

铸造诚信职业之魂

我国诚信文化传统与社会现实中的信用缺失现象均表明诚信教育的必要性,现代企业文化建设展示了加强诚信教育的现实性,职业教育必须适应现代企业的客观需要,大力加强诚信教育.努力构建诚信的社会、和谐的社会.     

铸造诚信 职业之魂

我国诚信文化传统与社会现实中的信用缺失现象均表明诚信教育的必要性，现代企业文化建设展示了加强诚信教育的现实性，职业教育必须适应现代企业的客观需要，大力加强诚信教育。努力构建诚信的社会、和谐的社会。     

International coordination in the era of faster, better, cheaper

Space agencies around the world are seeking innovative approaches to reduce the time and expense of space-based activities, including observation of the Earth and acquisition of environmental data for Earth science research. As government budgets are squeezed, agencies search for innovative approaches to streamline program management, introduce new technology, and share costs with external partners. International cooperation has been a mainstay of Earth observation activity from the beginning of space exploration. It continues to be true that global problems require global solutions, and governments recognize the need to share the investment in understanding and monitoring the planet. Agencies need to carefully consider how changes in their program development and management practices might impact cooperative ventures. Improved communication, enhanced strategic planning, and coordinated rather than comprehensive missions are all tools agencies can use to maintain or improve partnerships.     

Mass-, time-, and energy-characteristics of the interstellar flights during the long proper time of astronauts

The existence of extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) and extraterrestrial scientific-technical civilization (STC) is of principal importance for CETI (communication with extraterrestrial intelligence) and SETI (search for extraterrestrial intelligence). According to Kardashev and Bracewell, the Earth-like STC in their farther development can expand to the nearby planetary systems of the Galaxy, creating galactic community (Bracewell's galactic club).In a previous paper the possibilities of the one-step relativistic rocket interstellar flight during the proper time of life of one-two generations of astronauts were analysed. The realization of such interstellar flights is very improbable, even to the nearest stars. These results could be true for the case of the comparatively short proper time of astronauts, i.e. large acceleration. But flights to the nearest stars could be realized with small and very small accelerations. In the present paper are calculated the proper times t in the reference systems connected with the astronauts (S₂), as well as the times T in the reference systems (S₁)-inertial, velocities v in S₁, mass ratios, powers and energies for various flights, exhaust velocities u and accelerations a. Results are critically discussed.     

Italy's contribution, from a medical standpoint, to the space safety of payload scientists, and perspectives for the future

In Italy, the selection of the Italian payload scientists has been performed according to the Spacelab Program of ESA. Twenty-four subjects underwent a screening performed by the Health Service of Italian Air Force. They were requested to pass an exercise test on treadmill and another ten-minute test on centrifuge, subject to the effect of +3 Gz. The authors briefly describe the results of the test. Noteworthy is the determination of Central Flicker Fusion Frequency. This parameter makes it possible to assess the endurance level of the subject, much earlier than other techniques (e.g. EKG). The importance of an accurate preliminary screening is emphasized as well as of successive training periods. Future studies will be undertaken to compare evoked cortical potentials with behaviour parameters of space safety, with a view to setting up a subtle tool of evaluation for both future candidates and payload scientists.     

Operation and performance of a second generation, solid state, star tracker, the ASC

The Advanced Stellar Compass (ASC) is a second generation star tracker, consisting of a CCD camera and its associated microcomputer. The ASC operates by matching the star images acquired by the camera with its internal star catalogs. An initial attitude acquisition (solving the lost in space problem) is performed, and successively, the attitude of the camera is calculated in celestial coordinates by averaging the position of a large number of star observations for each image. Key parameters of the ASC for the Ørsted satellite and Astrid II satellite versions are: mass as low as 900 g, power consumption as low as 5.5W, relative attitude angle errors less than 1.4 arcseconds in declination, and 13 arcseconds in roll, RMS, as measured at the Mauna Kea, HI observatories of the University of Hawaii in June 1996.     

Venus Express: Scientific goals, instrumentation, and scenario of the mission

The first European mission to Venus (Venus Express) is described. It is based on a repeated use of the Mars Express design with minor modifications dictated in the main by more severe thermal environment at Venus. The main scientific task of the mission is global exploration of the Venusian atmosphere, circumplanetary plasma, and the planet surface from an orbiting spacecraft. The Venus Express payload includes seven instruments, five of which are inherited from the missions Mars Express and Rosetta. Two instruments were specially designed for Venus Express. The advantages of Venus Express in comparison with previous missions are in using advanced instrumentation and methods of remote sounding, as well as a spacecraft with a broad spectrum of capabilities of orbital observations.     

Comparison of the roles of nucleotide synthesis, polymerization, and recombination in the origin of autocatalytic sets of RNAs

Ribozymes that act as polymerases and nucleotide synthases are known experimentally, even though no fully self-replicating system has yet been found. If the RNA World hypothesis is true, ribozymes must have arisen initially from within a random abiotic polymerization system. To investigate the origin of the RNA world, we studied a mathematical model of a chemical reaction system describing RNA polymerization. It is supposed that, in absence of ribozymes, polymerization occurs at a small spontaneous rate, and that in the presence of polymerase ribozymes, polymerization occurs at a faster rate that is proportional to the ribozyme concentration. Chains must be longer than a minimum threshold length in order to have the possibility of acting as ribozymes. The reaction system has two stable states that we term dead and living. The dead state is controlled by the small spontaneous rate and has negligible concentration of ribozymes. The living state has high concentration of ribozymes, and the reaction rates are determined by the ribozymes; thus, the system is autocatalytic. Concentration fluctuations in a finite volume can cause a transition to occur from the dead to the living state, that is, an origin of life occurs within this model. We also consider ribozymes that catalyze nucleotide synthesis. We show that living and dead states arise in the presence of synthase ribozymes in the same way as for polymerases. It has been proposed that recombination reactions are a way of generating long RNA chains in the early stages of life. We show that if the possibility of random reversible recombination reactions is added to our model, this does not lead to an increase in long polymer concentration. Thus, if recombination is fully reversible, there is no autocatalytic state controlled by recombination. Nevertheless, recombination can play an important role in ribozyme synthesis if there is an additional process that keeps the recombination reactions out of equilibrium. We modeled a case studied experimentally in which building block strands of moderate length associate due to RNA secondary structure formation. A recombination reaction then occurs between these strands to form a longer sequence that catalyzes its own formation via the recombination reaction. This system has an autocatalytic state, and it is possible for it to arise within our random polymerization system. If complexes formed by associations of shorter strands can act as catalysts without the requirement that the strands be covalently linked, this would alleviate the need for synthesis of very long strands; hence, it makes the emergence of an autocatalytic system from an abiotic random polymerization system much more likely.     

Discovery of a new chert-permineralized microbiota in the Proterozoic Buxa Formation of the Ranjit window, Sikkim, northeast India, and its astrobiological implications

For the foreseeable future, the search for evidence of past life in rocks acquired from other planets will be constrained by the amount of sample available and by the fidelity of preservation of any fossils present. What amount of rock is needed to establish the existence of past life? To address this question, we studied a minute amount of rock collected from cherty dolomites of the Proterozoic Buxa Formation in the metamorphically altered tectonically active northeastern Himalaya. In particular, we investigated 2 small petrographic thin sections-one from each of 2 bedded chert horizons exposed in the Ranjit River stratigraphic section northwest of Rishi, Sikkim, India-that together comprise an area of approximately 5 cm(2) (about the size of a US postage stamp) and have a total rock weight of approximately 0.1 g. Optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy and imagery demonstrate that each of the thin sections contains a rich assemblage of 3-dimensionally permineralized organic-walled microfossils. This study, the first report of Proterozoic microfossils in units of the Ranjit tectonic window, demonstrates that firm evidence of early life can be adduced from even a minuscule amount of fossil-bearing ancient rock.     

认清形势 精心编辑 提高空管杂志质量——在2007年度《空中交通管理》杂志办刊工作会议上的讲话

同志们:《空中交通管理》杂志2007年度办刊工作会议今天在南京召开。我首先代表民航总局空管局、杂志理事会对所有与会代表表示热烈欢迎!空管杂志办刊会议是民航空管