一种航天员舱外活动用脚限位器的设计与分析

针对航天员开展舱外活动时与舱体的可靠连接和工作位姿的调节与固定这两个亟待解决的问题,提出了一种舱外活动用新型三关节便携式脚限位器的设计,阐述了其结构组成和工作原理,确定了其系统方案和技术参数;基于静力学和有限元分析,对设计进行了结构优化,利用ADAMS软件对该装置进行了运动学和动力学仿真分析,验证了该装置通过三个关节机构实现折叠状态和调节位姿的有效性,获得了主要关节位姿调节的运动学和动力学特性,为该装置的结构改进和优化奠定了基础。     

航天员混合现实训练与支持技术研究

基于航天员地面单人便携训练、多人协同操作训练、空间在轨操作辅助支持以及远程协同支持等工程任务需要,开展混合现实训练与支持技术研究。设计了航天员混合现实训练与支持的工程实现总体技术框架,针对航天员地面训练环境、在轨任务环境以及远程支持环境等特殊因素,对混合现实头盔头部位姿实时估计技术、多人协同操作技术以及远程支持场景匹配等关键技术进行研究。试验验证和航天员体验表明,技术方法有效、用户体验良好,满足空间站航天员地面与长期在轨典型性训练和支持任务需求,提高了训练支持质量和效率。     

机器人航天员精细操作方法及在轨验证

针对航天员舱外活动风险与空间探索的效率问题,建立了具有双臂手的机器人航天员系统。该机器人航天员由多自由度机械臂、仿人灵巧手及具有双目视觉系统的头部等构成,具有位置、力矩、视觉等多种感知功能。为了验证机器人航天员及在轨人机协同关键技术,在空间微重力环境下与航天员配合完成多种演示验证试验,为空间机器人辅助或配合航天员开展在轨维修积累了经验和数据。     

空间机械臂关节维修性设计与验证

空间机械臂维修性对机械臂可靠性和长寿命具有非常重要的意义。在研究国际空间站机械臂在轨维护维修任务和关节产品特点的基础上,结合中国空间站机械臂特点,设计了一种四方协同作业3次出舱的机械臂关节维修方案,通过搭建虚拟维修仿真平台开展了维修仿真验证,完成了模拟维修场景下机械臂关节的维修试验,充分验证了机械臂关节维修的可操作性、可达性、可视性、安全性和流程合理性。     

对航天员出舱活动问题的几点初步认识

航天员出舱活动是载人航天持续发展与开展空间科学研究不可缺少的基础技术之一。航天员出舱活动首先必须保证人在宇宙空间生存和工作的能力,能够完成空间设施组装、在轨维修、有效载荷布设等任务。在脐带式出舱活动、机械臂辅助式出舱活动,以及采用载人机动装置出舱活动等三种方式之中,采用载人机动装置的出舱活动显现了许多优点,已成为当今世界载人航天技术研究与发展的一个重方面。     

空间机器人的若干前沿领域:研究进展和关键技术

基于空间环境和在轨任务的特殊性导致的空间机器人不同于地面机器人的特点,讨论了面向航天产业的核心技术路线图的确定方法,论述了航天员心理陪护机器人的要求和研究方法,重点分析了非合作目标捕获过程面临的非线性碰撞接触动力学等前沿科学问题和冲击载荷下空间漂浮系统的稳定控制等关键技术;并针对未来空间装备巨型化趋势,介绍了大型机械臂研制、多机器人协调和大延迟下对机器人系统智能化的研究进展。     

航天员舱外活动安全绳虚拟现实操作仿真方法研究

为了解决航天员舱外活动虚拟现实训练仿真中安全绳的逼真仿真问题,分析了安全绳的结构组成和神七任务航天员出舱过程微重力下的安全绳变形规律,对安全绳采用质点-直线弹簧-弯曲弹簧模型建模,使用基于位置的仿真方法计算了安全绳的变形,给出了安全绳的仿真参数,建立了航天员舱外活动安全绳操作仿真系统。开展了受试者试验,仿真结果表明,仿真方法实时有效,可为航天员虚拟现实舱外维修仿真提供基础算法。     

面向空间站在轨服务的人机系统概念设计

针对航天员与空间机器人组成的人机系统,对航天员与机器人的定位和关系进行了分析,根据我国空间站未来舱内外平台运营维护及载荷设备照料对人机系统的任务和功能需求,提出了一种以构型及操作特点与航天员类似的四臂拟人机器人为基础的新型人机系统,并从机器人的机构构型、控制模式及人机交互手段等方面对人机系统进行了概念设计。可为我国空间站后续运营维护手段的配置提供有益参考。     

天宫二号对地观测应用研究进展

天宫二号空间实验室在轨运行两年多的时间内,对地表、海洋和临近空间大气进行探测,获取了大批高质量遥感数据。针对天宫二号遥感数据的应用研究进展,总结了天宫二号3个对地观测载荷的主要应用技术指标,分析了所获取的多载荷遥感数据在国土资源、海洋及海岸带应用、湖泊监测、农业应用、生态环境和大气环境探测等多个领域的应用研究成果;对天宫二号遥感数据进一步扩大应用研究范围、数据定量化应用、多源遥感数据融合应用与智能化分析等进行了展望。     

在轨加注任务中变质量特性下的空间操作臂状态扩展自适应镇定控制

模块更换方式在轨加注任务面向不同类型的多个待加注目标与推进剂模块,过程中涉及航天器对接与分离、推进剂模块拆卸与组装等多种操作,研发时需要考虑系统中质量特性变化复杂,以及地面验证中存在的全周期、遍历性的任务级微重力模拟试验难以实现的问题。首先,针对地面调试良好时在轨加注空间操作臂系统可能被掩盖的非线性动力学特性,分析了一定参数范围下,任务执行过程中负载和基座质量特性变化对空间操作臂动力学特性和控制性能的影响。随后为实现对控制对象及环境改变的自适应性,基于惯性矩阵分解与重力载荷矩阵线性化,设计g的自适应律,并扩展系统状态变量,建立系统的Hamilton模型,进而基于能量函数整形与阻尼注入的无源性控制思想,设计预置镇定控制律,提出一种可对不同工况下的系统非线性实现自适应镇定的控制方案。最后,通过仿真研究验证了所提控制方案的有效性。     

Analysis of reaction torque-based control of a redundant free-floating space robot

Owing to the dynamics coupling between a free-floating base and a manipulator,the non-stationary base of a space robot will face the issue of base disturbance due to a manipulator's motion.The reaction torque acted on the satellite base's centroid is an important index to measure the satellite base's disturbance.In this paper,a comprehensive analysis of the reaction torque is made,and a novel way to derive the analytical form of the reaction torque is proposed.In addition,the reaction torque null-space is derived,in which the manipulator's joint motion is dynamically decoupled from the motion of the satellite base,and its novel expression demonstrates the equivalence between the reaction torque null-space and the reaction null-space.Furthermore,the reaction torque acted as an optimization index can be utilized to achieve satellite base disturbance minimization in the generalized Jacobian-based end-effector Cartesian path tracking task.Besides,supposing that the redundant degrees of freedom are abundant to achieve reaction torque-based active control,the reaction torque can be used to realize satellite base attitude control,that is,base attitude adjustment or maintenance.Moreover,because reaction torque-based control is a second-order control scheme,joint torque minimization can be regarded as the optimization task in reaction torque-based active or in-active control.A real-time simulation system of a 7-DOF space robot under Linux/RTAI is developed to verify and test the feasibility and reliability of the proposed ideas.Our extensive empirical results demonstrate that the corresponding analysis about the reaction torque is correct and the proposed methods are feasible.     

一个超冗余度移动操作臂机器人系统的实现与运动控制

冗余度或超冗余度移动操作臂机器人可在空间站上为宇航员提供很大的帮助.对一个超冗余度移动操作臂机器人系统的设计和实现作了介绍,这个系统由一个8自由度的模块机器人和一个1自由度的电机驱动的导轨组成;对该系统的逆运动学解法进行了讨论,提出了一种基于避关节极限与位形优化的简化逆运动学控制方法;并提供了仿真和实验结果.     

障碍地形下的机器人轮足复合越障步态规划方法

为提高轮足复合机器人在障碍地形下的稳定性与通行效率，提出了一种轮足复合越障步态规划方法。首先基于轮足复合运动模式提出了一种机器人位姿调整算法，并给出了相应的足端轨迹方程与重心轨迹方程。其次基于轮足复合运动的运动学方程，给出了位姿调整阶段的轮速规划算法，使得每条腿足端轮子的滚动速度与足端的轨迹相匹配，以确保轮子在地面滚动时不发生滑动。虚拟样机仿真结果表明，应用该步态规划算法，机器人能够自主平稳地穿越障碍地形，从而验证了方法的有效性。     

Adaptive fuzzy terminal sliding mode control for the free-floating space manipulator with free-swinging joint failure

Space manipulator with free-swinging joint failure simultaneously contains kinematic and dynamic coupling relationships, so it belongs to a new underactuated system. To allow the manipulator to carry on tasks, an effective robust underactuated control method for the space manipulator with free-swinging joint failure is studied in this paper. Considering the effect of model uncertainty and joint torque disturbance, a robust underactuated control system based on the Terminal Sliding Mode Controller (TSMC) is designed, but two drawbacks are discussed: (A) Robustness depraves with eliminating chattering. (B) Control parameters are difficult to be determined under unknown uncertainty and disturbance. To improve the TSMC, the adaptive fuzzy controller is introduced to estimate the real effect of unknown uncertainty and disturbance according to deviations of sliding mode and its reaching law. The estimated result is directly compensated into active joints torque. In simulation, the space manipulator with free-swinging joint executes tasks based on the TSMC and the Adaptive Fuzzy Terminal Sliding Mode Controller (AFTSMC) respectively. Same tasks can be finished with smaller joints torque and stronger robustness based on the AFTSMC. Therefore, AFTSMC can serve as an effective robust control method for the space manipulator with free-swinging joint failure under unknown model uncertainty and torque disturbance.     

Astronaut-induced disturbances to the microgravity environment of the Mir Space Station

In preparation for the International Space Station, the Enhanced Dynamic Load Sensors Space Flight Experiment measured the forces and moments astronauts exerted on the Mir Space Station during their daily on-orbit activities to quantify the astronaut-induced disturbances to the microgravity environment during a long-duration space mission. An examination of video recordings of the astronauts moving in the modules and using the instrumented crew restraint and mobility load sensors led to the identification of several typical astronaut motions and the quantification of the associated forces and moments exerted on the spacecraft. For 2806 disturbances recorded by the foot restraints and hand-hold sensor, the highest force magnitude was 137 N. For about 96% of the time, the maximum force magnitude was below 60 N, and for about 99% of the time the maximum force magnitude was below 90 N. For 95% of the astronaut motions, the rms force level was below 9.0 N. It can be concluded that expected astronaut-induced loads from usual intravehicular activity are considerably less than previously thought and will not significantly disturb the microgravity environment.     

On Attitude Estimation Schemes for Fine-Pointing Control

This paper studies single-axis equations of motion that are applicable to a spacecraft or to a space experiment pointing assembly whose motion has been perfectly isolated from the carrier vehicle. It considers four state estimators for implementation in the control loop for a stellar observation experiment. The first three estimators are very general and do not make use of input torque in their prediction models, while the proposed fourth estimator utilizes this information, It is shown via closed-loop covariance analysis that the best achievable pointing performance with the best of the first three estimators is limited to about 0.125 are-sec (rms) with the given rate-gyro and star-tracker inaccuracies. It is also shown that the fourth estimator has the capability of achieving a pointing performance far superior to the performance achievable using the first three estimators. The fourth estimator relies on the ability to accurately generate the desired control torque (i.e., low input noise).     

Angular velocity determination of spinning solar sails using only a sun sensor

The direction of the sun is the easiest and most reliable observation vector for a solar sail running in deep space exploration. This paper presents a new method using only raw measurements of the sun direction vector to estimate angular velocity for a spinning solar sail. In cases with a con-stant spin angular velocity, the estimation equation is formed based on the kinematic model for the apparent motion of the sun direction vector;the least-squares solution is then easily calculated. A performance criterion is defined and used to analyze estimation accuracy. In cases with a variable spin angular velocity, the estimation equation is developed based on the kinematic model for the apparent motion of the sun direction vector and the attitude dynamics equation. Simulation results show that the proposed method can quickly yield high-precision angular velocity estimates that are insensitive to certain measurement noises and modeling errors.     

Accuracy enhancement of the spherical actuator with a two-level geometric calibration method

This paper presents a two-level geometric calibration method for the permanent magnet （PM） spherical actuator to improve its motion control accuracy. The proposed actuator is com- posed of a stator with circumferential coils and a rotor with multiple PM poles. Due to the assembly and fabrication errors, the real geometric parameters of the actuator will deviate from their design values. Hence, the identification of such errors is critical for the motion control tasks. A two-level geometric calibration approach is proposed to identify such errors. In the first level, the calibration model is formulated based on the differential form of the kinematic equation, which is to identify the geometric errors in the spherical joint. In the second level, the calibration model is formulated based on the differential form of torque formula, which is to calibrate the geometric parameters of the magnetization axes of PM poles and coils axes. To demonstrate the robustness and availability of the calibration algorithm, simulations are conducted. The results have shown that the proposed two-level calibration method can effectively compensate the geometric parameter errors and improve the positioning accuracy of the spherical actuator.     

Relative navigation for multi-spacecraft system with GPS

A type of multi-spacecraft system with kinematical restraint but no structural restraint and force action is considered. Both the absolute and relative navigation information is required for this multi-spacecraft system, but the relative information is more critical and the accuracy requirements for relative information will be much higher than those for the absolute information. In this paper, the Global Positioning System (GPS)/Differential GPS (DGPS) are introduced and used for relative navigation. Relative motion of space vehicles is modeled. Relative position, relative velocity and relative attitude are represented and solved by GPS/DGPS measurements. Using a type of commercial GPS receiver onboard spacecraft and relative differential GPS technique, the relative navigation of space vehicles can be implemented in real-time     

基于一类含极少运动副四支链两转一移三自由度并联机构的五轴混联机器人

首先提出了一类含较少运动副四支链两转一移三自由度（2R1T）并联机构（PMs）2RPU-UPR-RPR和2UPR-RPU-RPR，然后提出了极限约束力螺旋系的概念，分析四支链2R1T并联机构末端的极限约束力螺旋系，对所提出的四支链2R1T并联机构是否同类机构中含运动副最少进行了论证。基于提出的四支链并联机构构造了一种五自由度混联机器人机构，建立了2-RPU-UPR-RPR并联机构的位置反解模型，并将其等效成一个三自由度串联机构RPR，进而对整个混联机器人机构进行了位置正反解分析，建立得到了混联机器人机构位置反解的显式解析表达式，并用加工球面轨迹的算例对所建运动学模型的正确性进行验证。提出的五自由度混联机器人含有极少的运动副，且所有转动自由度均具有连续转轴，能够得到解析的位置模型表达式，很容易实现轨迹规划与运动控制，具有良好的应用前景。