海洋目标天基综合感知技术

在分析海洋运动目标特征的基础上,阐述海洋目标感知卫星采用单一手段带来的局限性以及效能受到的影响,提出海洋目标天基综合感知的概念.根据不同卫星感知手段的特点,设想对海洋目标采用单星多手段综合感知,利用功能互补,解决感知系统覆盖与分辨率的矛盾,解决高发现概率与高定位精度的矛盾.通过多元数据融合,提高卫星功能密度,单星即可成...     

发展中国航天海洋遥感技术的建议

20世纪 80年代末以来 ,中国就开始十分重视海洋遥感技术的发展 ,从 1987年起在FY - 1A卫星上就加上了海洋水色通道 ,发展到 2 0 0 2年发射了专门的海洋水色HY - 1A卫星 ;从地面的海洋反射率光谱仪的测量 ,发展到卫星上的水色、水温扫描仪 ;从简单的假彩色合成处理技术 ,发展到多要素、多功能的海洋要素提取和应用技术。总之 ,中国的海洋遥感技术在国际上已有了发言权和一席之地。但在以海洋卫星为主导的立体海洋监测体系 ,高精度分析与定量比测量 ,多平台监测数据同化和技术集成等方面与国际上先进国家比 ,还存在着差距。就以上方面的差距出发 ,文章最后提出了建立稳定运行的海洋卫星体系 ,必须从多方面入手 ,提高海洋遥感精度和开发同化技术研究的应用水平 ,提出了有效建议。     

基于GPS的低轨伴飞卫星自主导航轨道确定

对基于EKF算法的相对导航滤波器和基于全球卫星定位系统(GPS)伪距测量的伴飞星定轨进行了研究。用几何法与相对动力学方法联合获得目标星轨道信息,给出了伴飞卫星伪距测量定位的模型。仿真结果表明:该定轨方法可用于低轨卫星实时定位导航,定轨精度较高。     

基于半参数回归模型的批处理确定卫星轨道方法

由于卫星轨道观测数据中含有非线性影响因素,必然会降低定轨精度。在半参数 回归模型的基础上,应用小波阈值去噪算法估计并消除观测数据中存在的非线性影响因素, 提出了基于半参数回归模型的批处理确定卫星轨道的方法,以提高定轨精度;然后,在理论 上证明了在测量数据存在非线性影响因素的情形下,基于半参数回归模型的批处理确定卫星 轨道方法的定轨精度高于经典的批处理定轨精度;最后,对中低轨卫星应用批处理定轨进行 了仿真。结果表明：基于半参数回归模型的批处理确定卫星轨道方法分离出观测数据中的 白噪声和非线性影响因素,从而可以在观测数据中消除非线性影响因素,提高定轨的精度。     

Policy for robust space-based earth science,technology and applications

Satellite remote sensing technology has contributed to the transformation of multiple earth science domains, putting space observations at the forefront of innovation in earth science. With new satellite missions being launched every year, new types of earth science data are being incorporated into science models and decision-making systems in a broad array of organizations. Policy guidance can influence the degree to which user needs influence mission design and when, and ensure that satellite missions serve both the scientific and user communities without becoming unfocused and overly expensive. By considering the needs of the user community early on in the mission-design process, agencies can ensure that satellites meet the needs of multiple constituencies. This paper describes the mission development process in NASA and ESA and compares and contrasts the successes and challenges faced by these agencies as they try to balance science and applications within their missions.     

International cooperation in assuring continuity of environmental satellite data

In the 25 years since the launch of the first weather satellite, meteorological observations from space have become an essential part of weather forecasting and global environmental monitoring. Beginning in the 1970s, constrained national budgets and the need for a coordinated approach to global satellite observing have caused satellite operators to pursue international cooperation to assure the continuity and compatibility of these systems. This article reviews current bilateral and multilateral cooperation and technical coordination in environmental satellite activities. It also explores the potential for alternative institutional arrangements for maintaining the continuity of environmental satellite data in the decades to come.     

Information Support for Space Experiments Based on a Numerical-Analytical Theory of Satellite Motion

A software tool for application in calculations of the position and velocity vectors of spacecraft is presented. These vectors are necessary at the stage of processing the data of space experiments and analyzing the results of ground-based observations. A new theory of satellite motion, in a numerical-analytical form, is the basis of this software application. The model of disturbing forces corresponds to recommendations of the International Laser Ranging Service. The reliability of the software tool is confirmed by the results of processing of high-precision laser satellite observations.     

A Review of Satellite Remote Sensing Monitoring Methods for Sea Surface Oil Spill

Using satellite remote sensing to monitor oil spill on the sea is an advanced means of oil spill monitoring, and it has the characteristics of wide coverage, speediness and real time, synchronization, continuity, and low cost. Hence, accelerating the research on this technology and establishing a satellite remote sensing monitoring mechanism suitable for oil spill emergency situations is of great significance to improve China's oil spill monitoring capability and prevent or reduce the pollution damage caused by oil spill in the marine environment.This paper analyzes and studies the current situation using satellite remote sensing to monitor oil spills at home and abroad. Based on the basic principle of satellite remote sensing, this paper systematically studies the satellite remote sensing monitoring oil spill principles, satellite data processing methods and oil spill information identification, and summarizes an oil spill identification system that can realize oil spill information reproduction. This system provides an important means of support for the handling of oil spill accidents.     

基于卡尔曼滤波器残差的矢量跟踪完好性研究

针对接收机跟踪卫星导航信号时可能发生的各类故障,利用卡尔曼滤波器的残差观测量进行滤波,通常可以在不借助冗余观测量的情况下快速检测和隔离故障。建立软件接收机平台,利用卡尔曼滤波器进行导航信号的矢量跟踪,在跟踪环中模拟故障的发生并依靠残差序列滤波的方法检测并排除错误观测量。实验表明,在算法模拟的短时较大幅度干扰下,完好性监测方法可以快速检测并排除错误观测量对环路跟踪的影响,且无需冗余观测量。     

卫星双向时间频率传递中的Sagnac效应

 结合卫星双向时间频率传递技术,提出了在卫星运动情况下Sagnac效应解决方案。卫星双向时间频率传递技术是基于地球同步卫星进行的。地球同步卫星在各种摄动力的影响下,相对于地面上的某点不是绝对静止的,而是作小幅度日周期性运动。 Sagnac 效应与卫星和地面观测站的位置密切相关,卫星的运动直接导致了 Sagnac 效应也具有日周期变化的特征。使用高精度实测卫星轨道数据对 Sagnac 效应进行计算分析,结果表明：由卫星运动引起的Sagnac效应值具有与卫星运动一致的周日变化规律特征,大小达到几百皮秒的量级,与传统的将同步卫星作为静止点处理相比,提高了Sagnac效应误差的修正精度。该方案对于各种高精度卫星时间比对技术和卫星导航等领域具有重要的应用价值。     

CFOSAT-1 Realizes First Joint Observation of Sea Wind and Waves

The Chinese-French Oceanic Satellite 1(CFOSAT-1) was successfully launched on October 29, 2018. The satellite was developed under cooperation between China and France. CFOSAT-1 realizes joint observation of sea waves and wind for the first time in the world. This paper introduces the background of the satellite, including application goals and the division of the project. The paper describes the satellite platform composition, the coverage and benefit of conducting joint observation as well as the working principle, structure and performance of the two payloads, SCAT and SWIM, and introduces the in-orbit observation results of sea wind and waves. The difficulties during the development, solutions and acquired experience for future international space cooperation are also introduced. Finally, the conclusion concerning CFOSAT-1's contributions to sea state forecast, marine and climate research, as well as its important role in the ocean dynamic environment detection system.     

基于混合蚁群算法的掩星星座优化设计

针对低地球轨道（LEO）卫星对全球卫星定位系统（GPS）卫星的掩星观测任务,在考虑LEO和GPS卫星几何关系及掩星观测天线视场的条件下,建立轨道模拟系统,对全球和区域内的掩星事件进行了模拟。对单颗卫星,用分离变量法讨论了卫星轨道参数对掩星事件数量和时空分辨率的影响,比较了大气层与电离层掩星事件的差别,并根据分析结果用混...     

The use of Sun-synchronous orbits for a real-time global coverage satellite

This article describes a method for determining the parameters of a circular Sun-synchronous orbit and coverage characteristics of a satellite for real-time global coverage. Basic solutions for a single satellite have been obtained in the form of intervals of possible orbital parameters and coverage characteristics depending on a given interruption of observations of any given point on the Earth’s surface. The solutions have been used to choose orbital parameters and estimate coverage characteristics for different combinations of input data.     

Small satellite's role in future hyperspectral Earth observation missions

Along with various advanced satellite onboard sensors, an important place in the near future will belong to hyperspectral instruments, considered as suitable for different scientific, commercial and military missions. As was demonstrated over the last decade, hyperspectral Earth observations can be provided by small satellites at considerably lower costs and shorter timescales, even though with some limitations on resolution, spectral response, and data rate. In this work the requirements on small satellites with imaging hyperspectral sensors are studied. Physical and technological limitations of hyperspectral imagers are considered. A mathematical model of a small satellite with a hyperspectral imaging spectrometer system is developed. The ability of the small satellites of different subclasses (micro- and mini-) to obtain hyperspectral images with a given resolution and quality is examined. As a result of the feasibility analysis, the constraints on the main technical parameters of hyperspectral instruments suitable for application onboard the small satellites are outlined. Comparison of the data for designed and planned instruments with simulation results validates the presented approach to the estimation of the small satellite size limitations. Presented analysis was carried out for sensors with conventional filled aperture optics.     

Technological learning through international collaboration: Lessons from the field

Countries on every continent are making new or renewed commitments to domestic satellite programs. These programs have the potential to address national needs by enhancing access to information, improving infrastructure and providing inspiration to the public. How do countries without local expertise in space technology begin a new satellite program? What is the role of international collaboration in supporting the efforts of a new space fairing country? This paper explores such questions by highlighting outputs from intensive field work in Africa and Asia. Specifically, the study explores case studies of early space activity in these countries to search for lessons about the management of a young space program. The observations from field work are compared to ideas from scholarly literature on technological learning. The findings are organized using principles from systems architecture. The paper presents a model that captures many of the influences and strategic decision areas for a collaborative satellite development project. The paper also highlights the growth of capability among African countries in the area of satellite technology.     

超宽带相控阵天线的发展现状及星载应用展望

面向卫星载荷小型化、集成化和多功能一体化的发展趋势，具有超宽带、高增益和波束灵活特性的天线是目前星载天线领域的研究热点，其可满足通信、干扰、侦察、探测等多种不同应用场景，具有十分迫切的需求。首先对不同形式的超宽带天线单元进行了归纳梳理，根据天线的机电特性和空间环境适应性情况，给出了星载应用选型建议；其次对不同的超宽带波束形成方式进行了阐述，重点分析了不同波束形成方式的优缺点及其在卫星平台上的适用性；总结了超宽带相控阵天线涉及到的关键技术，对主要的技术途径进行了介绍；最后对超宽带相控阵天线的星载应用技术发展提出了建议，可为我国后续开展星载超宽带相控阵天线的技术研究和工程应用提供参考。     

Safety of space activities

Measures for the safety of space activities have to be elaborated by the scientific community. They should include principles for collision avoidance, possibly in the form of traffic separation schemes. A reduction of collision probabilities could be achieved by systematic removal of inactive satellites, by establishing disposal orbital belts and by reduction of space debris. Safety of space activities would be enhanced by the adoption of standards for the quality of technical equipment and for the competence of personnel. Also timely information on satellite movement should be made available.     

Energetic particle measurements onboard Spectr-R with MEP-2

The energetic particle experiment MEP-2 onboard the Spectr-R high apogee satellite is briefly described. The instrument measures fluxes and spectra of electrons (30 keV–350 keV) and ions (30 keV–3.2MeV), using two pairs of silicon detectors. The example of first observations upstream from the bow shock illustrates its successful operation in space. Unique observations of ～30 s strong fluctuations of energetic ions with energies up to two hundred keV are discussed.     

矢量观测确定卫星姿态的预测粒子滤波算法

在矢量观测的基础上,针对单独的星敏感器定姿,提出了一种将粒子滤波(PF)和预测滤波相结合的姿态确定算法,通过设计粒子初始化,结合重要性采样、重采样和规则化等手段,成功地将姿态四元数作为状态粒子进行更新和传递,避免了状态方程的线性化和协方差矩阵的计算;利用预测滤波算法估计模型误差和姿态角速度,在保证滤波精度的同时,有效降低了粒子滤波器的维数.实验在某对地观测通用小卫星平台上进行,选取卫星自由飞行状态和飞轮控制对地稳定模式,分别对滤波器进行了仿真,实验结果验证了该算法对本质非线性、非高斯的卫星姿态估计问题具有快速的收敛性能和良好的稳定精度.该方法还为粒子滤波器的设计和无角速度敏感器测量的飞行器姿态确定提供了借鉴.     

卫星线阵立体影像的倾斜仿射变换核线模型

核线约束是构建摄影测量立体模型的重要条件。由于卫星线阵影像的多中心投影特性，难以建立其严格的核线模型。文章从上下视差最小的同名核线特征出发，在仿射变换模型基础上引入核线倾角变化参数，提出一种新的倾斜仿射变换核线模型。通过“无误差”的虚拟同名点仿真试验表明，文章提出的模型受影像范围及地表高差影响较小，在影像区块6 000像元×6 000像元、地表高差1 000m情况下，对于不同形式卫星立体影像的模型误差均小于1个像元。进一步使用实际匹配同名点平差，实验表明：对于SPOT-5、“资源三号”和“高分七号”等卫星影像，文章模型误差相对于匹配观测误差可忽略，实际核线精度在整景影像范围内优于0.8像元，所生成核线影像能够满足后续密集匹配要求。新模型的精确性和普适性相比现有同类模型显著提升，可实际应用于卫星摄影测量处理。