FY—1C极轨气象卫星的进展

在概述美国和俄罗斯等国外极轨气象卫星发展概况的基础上，介绍了中国极轨与静止轨道两种气象卫星的业务应用卫星体系，重点介绍了“风云一号”（02星）即FY－1C极轨气象卫星的任务、总体设计、技术特点、关键技术以及所取得的进展。最后简述了新一代有轨气象卫星FY－3的发展设想。     

电磁监测试验卫星及其初步成果（英文）

As the first satellite of the China national geophysical field observation series of satellite missions, the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES) was designed upon an optimized CAST2000 platform for a sun synchronous orbit. Onboard CSES, there are total eight types of scientific payloads including the Search-coil Magnetometer, Electric Field Detector, High Precision Magnetometer, GNSS Occupation Receiver, Plasma Analyzer, Langmuir Probe, Energetic Particle Detector Package, and a Three-band Transmitter to individually acquire the global electromagnetic field, electromagnetic waves, ionospheric plasma parameters as well as energetic particles. Up to now, CSES has been operating normally in orbit for 2 years. By using the various sensor data acquired by CSES, we have achieved scientific research in the areas of the global geomagnetic field modeling, space weather, earthquake event analysis, the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling mechanism and so on.     

FY-1C/D极轨气象卫星的运行和应用

简要介绍了风云一号(FY-1)C，D极轨气象卫星的运行情况。运行期间，在洪涝、火情、干旱和积雪等自然灾害的监测服务，沙尘暴、大雾和海冰等环境监测服务，全球资料应用，以及天气分析方面发挥了重要的作用．并可提供气象卫星数据的共享服务。两星在大范围自然灾害监测和评估等领城取得了显著的社会和经济效益，并在国内国际产生了重大影响。     

Organizing and managing satellite solar power

Building an organization and management structure to create, launch, utilize and protect a satellite solar power energy system will require a global policy for the beneficial use of SSP. The fundamental organizational tasks are: (1) R&D, achieved through a project organization characterized by the integrated management of applied science, development research and construction engineering; (2) investment, generated by a series of groups creating financial vehicles for public and private investment; (3) transmission and distribution, characterized by attention to an engineering and maintenance process emphasizing high reliability; and (4) crisis response, demanding readiness for instant response to potential internal or external scenarios. A differentiated global organization spanning the long timeframe of SSP will need to have a central management core representative of all parts of the organization, with the capacity for self-renewal and re-adaptation. To be successful over its long timeframe, the SSP organization will need to build continuity and public confidence through intergenerational communication, public education, and community outreach. Integrating structures must be created at all levels of the organization, and should encompass joint work tasks and information-sharing among both industrial and government members. Developmental and alliance partners who support the formation and financing of a differentiated satellite solar power organization will share commensurately in the technologies and competencies that are created.     

Earth weather and climate control: can space technology contribute?

With ongoing progress in space technology, questions of its potential for the modification of weather and climate phenomena (often summarized by the term ‘geoengineering’) ranging from small-scale severe weather events to mitigation of effects caused by global climate change and ozone depletion have become popular. This paper reviews the current state of scientifically based studies in this context and attempts to provide a basis for an assessment of geoengineering efforts with respect to technological, economic and fundamental scientific aspects. The overview indicates that the current state of knowledge about climate variability as a consequence of natural and anthropogenic influences is sufficient to classify geoengineering solutions as highly risky and their consequences as extremely difficult to predict. Even on smaller scales and with less complexity of interacting processes, only very limited boundary conditions, i.e. a narrow range of atmospheric variability and land surface topography favouring the intended alteration, seem to justify weather modification. Moreover, as for systems reaching scales of large organized storms and hurricanes, required energy and control resources are well beyond existing capabilities. Consequently, the use of space technology for provision of better information on environmental change and integration of remote sensing data into weather and climate models forecasts is supported.     

空间站和GNSS共视的差别及精度对比分析

为了对比空间站和导航卫星共视的性能差异,深入分析影响共视性能的主要误差源特征,推进共视技术进一步发展,以对共视时间比对基本原理的分析为基础,从系统设计和关键误差源影响两个方面对比分析空间站和导航卫星共视的差异。理论研究结果表明,不同于导航卫星共视,轨道误差是影响空间站共视精度进一步提升的主要因素;此外,空间站共视还需考虑地球引力时延等精细误差的影响。最后,设计并实施了仿真实验和实测实验,通过实验数据进一步对比两者的性能差异。实验结果表明空间站和导航卫星共视各有利弊,虽然空间站共视的服务区域和连续性逊于导航卫星共视,但可以实现的共视精度至少比导航卫星高一个数量级。     

基于星载气象雷达的非线性调频信号优化设计

随着天气观测、研究和规划的进展，气象雷达技术的开发工作取得了重大进展。脉冲压缩使新一代低成本、紧凑型星载天气雷达系统成为可能。为了抑制脉压带来的距离旁瓣，目标探测雷达通常采用基于幅度调制和失配滤波的方法，但由于其存在主瓣扩展和功率损失等缺点，不适用于气象观测。非线性调频（NLFM）信号可以调整其功率谱密度，在明显不降低信噪比的情况下提供较低的旁瓣输出。本文设计了一种新的波形优化框架。该框架通过多目标粒子群优化算法（MOPOS）构造了一种针对气象粒子目标的非线性调频（NLFM）脉冲压缩波形，实现了极低的距离旁瓣电平和较高的多普勒容限，可以显著地缓解非常有限的卫星峰值功率的限制和卫星平台运动导致的多普勒对系统影响。仿真实验结果表明：改进的非线性调频波形具有良好的性能。     

深空探测中利用静止轨道卫星编队连续导航精度分析

针对我国难以全天候24小时对探测器连续测控和通信，以及建立全球性深空网络困难的问题，提出利用地球静止轨道卫星编队进行深空导航的构想。两个静止轨道卫星编队相距一定角度，可以完成对深空探测器进行全天候连续导航定位。卫星编队采用无源反向导航的方法，多颗卫星协同工作，共同完成导航任务。分析表明该天基导航系统的几何参数精度因子受时间测量误差均方差和基线长度变化影响较大。编队的构型对定位精度有很大影响，其中基线长度不能过小，时间测量误差均方差不能过大，否则定位误差会急剧增加，伴随卫星椭圆轨道偏心率也存在一定界限。增加伴随卫星数量也有利于提高系统的定位精度。     

美国新一代气象卫星系统发展综述

介绍了美国新一代气象卫星系统发展情况,包括国家极轨业务环境卫星系统（NPOESS）和静止轨道业务环境卫星-R（GOES-R）系统,以及国家全球业务环境卫星系统（NGOESS）概念研究情况,最后总结了新一代气象卫星发展特点。     

气象卫星在国民经济中的地位及经济效益初析

从天气预报、农业、林业和渔业等七个方面阐述了气象卫星在国民经济中的地位和作用，并用大量事实说明了气象卫星在国民经济建设中所产生的巨大的社会效益和经济效益。     

A heuristic design method for attitude stabilization of magnetic actuated satellites

In this paper a heuristic design strategy for stabilizing the satellite attitude has been proposed. It is assumed that the satellite is actuated by a set of mutually perpendicular magnetic coils. Using well-known Lyapunov direct stability method it is shown that the proposed controller causes to a global asymptotic stable system for all near polar orbits. The design procedure is based on analyzing of the conceptual effects of magnetic coils on the satellite attitude motion. Considering these effects lead to some intuitive results which determine the global stabilizing control law. The performance and robustness of the designed controller against actuators saturation and quantization error have been verified using a real-time-hardware–software in-loop (RTHSIL) simulation results. These results show that the global stability can be achieved although some disturbances and restrictions exist. This stabilizing controller can be simply combined with a linear explicit model predictive controller (EMPC) to achieve a full three-axis control law.     

The risks and impacts of space weather: Policy recommendations and initiatives

Space weather affects global technological systems and societies. Space weather, or the dynamic conditions on the Sun and in the space environment and their impacts on technological systems, can produce coronal mass ejections, solar energetic particles, and geomagnetic disturbances. These space weather events can cause extreme currents in the electric grid, widespread blackouts, and phone and internet communication failures both in space and within the Earth's atmosphere. Severe space weather can damage satellites used for global positioning, communications, and weather forecasting. It also creates a risk of radiation exposure to astronauts and commercial airline crews and passengers. Accurate forecast knowledge of the space weather threat and timing of events is critical to planning and preparation to minimize socioeconomic impacts. This paper reviews the scope of the space weather threat on the global community today. It describes current international and US public policy initiatives to mitigate risk to infrastructure, public safety, and human life. It examines recent international reports and US federal disaster reduction plans to meet these challenges and provides recommendations to increase public awareness and implement public policies to prepare, prevent, and recover from possible catastrophic failures of commercial and government infrastructures caused by a major space weather event.     

微小卫星动力学环境试验技术及试验数据分析

文章重点针对某微小卫星力学环境要求,对模拟环境试验进行了相关设计,并对整星正弦和随机振动试验的数据结果进行分析处理,同时在试验前后利用光学经纬仪对整星结构进行了精度测量。通过试验和测量结果验证了初样星整星结构的合理性,而且针对试验中所存在的问题给出了相关解决办法。该文对同类型微小卫星的力学试验验证工作有一定的工程参考价值。     

Super View-1-China's First Commercial Remote Sensing Satellite Constellation with a High Resolution of 0.5 m

Super View-1 satellite constellation(Super View-1 for short) is the first commercial remote sensing constellation with a resolution down to 0.5 m. It's an important part of the national spatial information infrastructure construction. It will play an important role for the global users providing remote sensing data, application solutions and remote sensing value-added services with its high-resolution and 24-hour observation capability. At present, 4 satellites of the constellation have been successfully launched and networked on orbit. The services cover surveying and mapping, land resource surveying, urban planning, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, geological mining, environmental monitoring, defense, disaster reduction along with other traditional industries. There are also great potential applications in Mobile Internet, LBS, Smart city, insurance and other emerging professions. The successful operation of Super View-1 breaks the overseas monopoly for commercial high-resolution remote sensing satellite imagery in the China market. It's one of the major achievements in China space science and technology by actively exploring the development of commercial remote sensing markets, which is of strategic significance to the development of China remote sensing satellite business.     

A heuristic design method for attitude stabilization of magnetic actuated satellites

In this paper a heuristic design strategy for stabilizing the satellite attitude has been proposed. It is assumed that the satellite is actuated by a set of mutually perpendicular magnetic coils. Using well-known Lyapunov direct stability method it is shown that the proposed controller causes to a global asymptotic stable system for all near polar orbits. The design procedure is based on analyzing of the conceptual effects of magnetic coils on the satellite attitude motion. Considering these effects lead to some intuitive results which determine the global stabilizing control law. The performance and robustness of the designed controller against actuators saturation and quantization error have been verified using a real-time-hardware–software in-loop (RTHSIL) simulation results. These results show that the global stability can be achieved although some disturbances and restrictions exist. This stabilizing controller can be simply combined with a linear explicit model predictive controller (EMPC) to achieve a full three-axis control law.     

The use of Sun-synchronous orbits for a real-time global coverage satellite

This article describes a method for determining the parameters of a circular Sun-synchronous orbit and coverage characteristics of a satellite for real-time global coverage. Basic solutions for a single satellite have been obtained in the form of intervals of possible orbital parameters and coverage characteristics depending on a given interruption of observations of any given point on the Earth’s surface. The solutions have been used to choose orbital parameters and estimate coverage characteristics for different combinations of input data.     

Legal analysis of Sea Launch license: National security and environmental concerns

This paper analyzes the national security and environmental concerns surrounding the Sea Launch consortium's international license from a legal perspective. The growing market demand for a more affordable, reliable, and convenient commercial satellite launching service has led to the idea of Sea Launch—launching satellites from the sea near the Equator. However, this can pose potential conflicts between national security and foreign policy interests, and between environmental conservation and economic growth because of the international technology development issues around launching from the sea. This paper illustrates a case for balancing such multiple constraints via legal interpretation. The analysis is conducted in reference to 49 U.S.C. § 70101–70119 Commercial Space Launch Activities and 42 U.S.C. § 4321–4345 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969. The paper also examines weather the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is binding on Sea Launch operations. Although the scope of this paper is limited mostly to the US law and the national security and environmental aspects of Sea Launch, it provides a useful example for policy making of an international collaborative technology development project.     

Designing nonuniform satellite systems for continuous global coverage using equatorial and polar circular orbits

We present a method for designing nonuniform satellite systems for continuous global coverage using a combination of equatorial and near-polar satellite segments in circular orbits. Equations are derived to determine the basic design parameters of the satellite system itself and the conditions of its closure at the joint of near-polar and equatorial segments. We analyze specific features of near-polar and equatorial satellite systems and their advantages and disadvantages compared with existing classes of near-polar phased and kinematically correct satellite systems. We estimate the minimum required number of spacecrafts in satellite systems for a given fold of coverage and present calculated dependences for classes of near-polar phased and equatorial satellite systems with different types of closure. For the class of kinematically correct satellite systems, we analyze the characteristics of systems with a minimum spacecraft flight height and reveal that the number of satellites in the orbital plane depends on the flight height for different folds of coverage. We bring examples of the best near-polar equatorial satellite systems of global coverage for different folds and a class of satellite systems with a fixed number of spacecrafts and orbital planes in them.     

A Review of Satellite Remote Sensing Monitoring Methods for Sea Surface Oil Spill

Using satellite remote sensing to monitor oil spill on the sea is an advanced means of oil spill monitoring, and it has the characteristics of wide coverage, speediness and real time, synchronization, continuity, and low cost. Hence, accelerating the research on this technology and establishing a satellite remote sensing monitoring mechanism suitable for oil spill emergency situations is of great significance to improve China's oil spill monitoring capability and prevent or reduce the pollution damage caused by oil spill in the marine environment.This paper analyzes and studies the current situation using satellite remote sensing to monitor oil spills at home and abroad. Based on the basic principle of satellite remote sensing, this paper systematically studies the satellite remote sensing monitoring oil spill principles, satellite data processing methods and oil spill information identification, and summarizes an oil spill identification system that can realize oil spill information reproduction. This system provides an important means of support for the handling of oil spill accidents.     

卫星总体可靠性安全性设计审查

为了确保卫星及其产品不带问题出厂、不带隐患上天,进行系统、全面的卫星可靠性安全性设计专项审查,从卫星总体层面去把握卫星各系统和单机的安全性、可靠性,找出影响卫星安全性和可靠性的问题和薄弱环节,并及时采取有效措施加以改造,对于卫星研制是十分必要和有效的手段。文章基于如何立足卫星总体层面进行可靠性、安全性设计审查提出了一套具体的思路及方法。