The problems of microbial safety in regenerative life support systems exploration

The hazards of microbial contamination in life support systems onboard spacecraft during long duration missions are presented. Tables present information about microbial characteristics of moisture-containing substrates and wastes submitted to and passing the regeneration system; the content of microflora on different types of polymers typically used in regenerative systems; and medical risks associated with microflora isolated from space object construction materials in spacecraft. Priorities for decontamination are total decontamination, localization of decontaminating equipment before and after regeneration, and physical methods of decontamination.     

卫星姿控系统可重构性综合评价方法研究

针对可重构性评价需考虑系统资源、性能等多约束条件的问题,以卫星混合执行机构姿控系统为研究对象,建立了基于组合赋权法的卫星可重构性综合评价方法。首先,综合分析影响卫星姿控系统的指标因素,结合系统可重构性度量指标构建了综合评价指标体系;然后利用层次分析法和熵权法分别得到权重初值,以最小二乘法为工具建立确定具有主客观意义的优化组合评价权重;最后采用欧几里德距离为测度,计算各方案距离正负理想点的相对接近度并以此作为评价准则。针对多方案系统配置实例进行了验证计算,结果表明利用基于组合赋权法的评价方法能有效地对卫星姿态控制系统可重构性进行综合评估,具有较好的应用价值。     

Abundance and diversity of microbial inhabitants in European spacecraft-associated clean rooms

The determination of the microbial load of a spacecraft en route to interesting extraterrestrial environments is mandatory and currently based on the culturable, heat-shock-surviving portion of microbial contaminants. Our study compared these classical bioburden measurements as required by NASA's and ESA's guidelines for the microbial examination of flight hardware, with molecular analysis methods (16S rRNA gene cloning and quantitative PCR) to further develop our understanding of the diversity and abundance of the microbial communities of spacecraft-associated clean rooms. Three samplings of the Herschel Space Observatory and its surrounding clean rooms were performed in two different European facilities. Molecular analyses detected a broad diversity of microbes typically found in the human microbiome with three bacterial genera (Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium, and Brevundimonas) common to all three locations. Bioburden measurements revealed a low, but heterogeneous, abundance of spore-forming and other heat-resistant microorganisms. Total cell numbers estimated by quantitative real-time PCR were typically 3 orders of magnitude greater than those determined by viable counts, which indicates a tendency for traditional methods to underestimate the extent of clean room bioburden. Furthermore, the molecular methods allowed the detection of a much broader diversity than traditional culture-based methods.     

航天工程系统技术成熟度评估方法研究

航天工程的技术支持系统十分复杂,单一技术成熟度评估方法不能有效解决系统整体的成熟度评估问题。文章以系统论、集成方法为指导,基于技术系统结构分解,从基本的单机构成要素为起点进行技术成熟度评价,考虑了不同系统层次的技术接口问题,进而按照逐层集成的方法完成一项航天工程整体技术系统成熟度的评估工作。这种评估方法具有系统性、综合性特点,能够满足航天工程整体技术系统成熟度评估的实际应用需求。     

深空探测器表面采样技术适应性研究

对探测器硬件表面的生物负载进行有效评估,是深空探测任务中行星保护的重要环节.文章对比了两种植绒拭子在不同材料表面对不同产芽孢菌的采集效率.结果显示,国产CY-93050T植绒拭子的采集效率高于ESA常用的Copan 552C植绒拭子,两者的平均采集效率分别为45.38％±13.46％和29.43％±8.2％;材料表面物...     

Formation of higher plant component microbial community in closed ecological system

Closed ecological systems (CES) place at the disposal of a researcher unique possibilities to study the role of microbial communities in individual components and of the entire system. The microbial community of the higher plant component has been found to form depending on specific conditions of the closed ecosystem: length of time the solution is reused, introduction of intrasystem waste water into the nutrient medium, effect of other component of the system, and system closure in terms of gas exchange. The higher plant component formed its own microbial complex different from that formed prior to closure. The microbial complex of vegetable polyculture is more diverse and stable than the monoculture of wheat. The composition of the components' microflora changed, species diversity decreased, individual species of bacteria and fungi whose numbers were not so great before the closure prevailed. Special attention should be paid to phytopathogenic and conditionally pathogenic species of microorganisms potentially hazardous to man or plants and the least controlled in CES. This situation can endanger creation of CES and make conjectural existence of preplanned components, man, specifically, and consequently, of CES as it is.     

临近空间飞行器多物理场耦合建模的网格映射方法

临近空间飞行器的研制面临许多复杂的问题和挑战,涉及总体、气动、结构、控制、防热、动力等多个学科和专业领域的相互作用、高度耦合的子系统。全系统、全流程的仿真验证与性能评估能够为设计工作提供重要依据,缩短研制周期。而气动、结构、防热等专业的仿真建模和模型解算基于有限体积法或有限元方法,依赖于不同的工具软件,且网格的划分方法不同。本文研究了临近空间高超声速飞行器多物理场耦合建模方法,研究并实现了异构网格耦合界面之间与耦合域之间的信息传递方法,从而实现了临近空间高超声速飞行器的多物理场耦合建模与仿真。     

概率有限状态机在动态效能评估中的应用

为了反映作战过程中实时战场变化对武器作战效能的影响，本文对武器作战动态效能评估(DEE)方法进行研究，提出一种基于概率有限状态机(PFSM)的动态效能评估方法。利用该方法对武器作战过程进行动态效能评估的同时，能够快速准确地分析影响武器作战效能的关键因素，为作战方案决策及武器研发提供依据。该方法考虑了武器装备、战场环境、作战方案及作战目标这四个战场信息空间对武器效能的影响，能够根据实时战场信息输出动态效能变化曲线。本文以反舰导弹为例，对其进行动态效能评估，结果表明,本文所提出的方法能够动态评估不同战场信息对效能的影响，并快速找到影响其效能的关键因素，从而为作战方案优化提供参考。     

直接力控制在垂直攻击型武器上的应用

介绍垂直攻击型武器在末制导段的特点及其对控制系统的特殊要求 ,为此提出三种控制方案 ,并从原理上分析它们各自的优缺点 ,得出直接侧力控制是满足其在末制导段控制要求的最佳方案。同时 ,设计出对应于这三种控制方案的控制律 ,并进行末制导段的仿真验证 ,结果证实了理论分析的结论 ,即直接侧力控制是最佳方案 ,为型号设计提供了具有实际参考价值的结论。     

一种新的雷达辐射源识别算法

针对雷达信号环境,运用综合分析的方法,提出了一种新的基于模糊综合评判的雷达辐射源识别算法。该算法通过构造模糊评判矩阵并进行合成运算来计算表示辐射源相关程度的模糊集,然后按照最大隶属度原则进行判决,同时给出了相应的多义性处理方法。最后通过仿真将它与经典的统计模式识别方法进行了比较。仿真结果表明,所提出的识别方法性能明显优于统计模式识别方法,用于雷达辐射源识别是有效的。     

Mineralization of wastes of human vital activity and plants to be used in a Life Support System

Available methods for mineralizing wastes of human activity and inedible biomass of plants used in this country and abroad are divided into two types: dry mineralization at high temperatures up to 1270 K with subsequent partial dissolution of the ash and the other--wet oxidation by acids. In this case mineralization is performed at a temperature of 470-460 K and a pressure of 220-270 atmospheres in pure oxygen with the output of mineral solution and dissoluble sediments in the form of scale. The drawback of the first method is the formation of dioxins, CO, SO2, NO2 and other toxic compounds. The latter method is too sophisticated and is presently confined to bench testing. The here proposed method to mineralize the wastes is in mid-position between the thermal and physical chemical methods. At a temperature of 80-90 degrees C the mixture was exposed to a controlled electromagnetic field at normal atmospheric pressure. The method merits simplicity, reliability, produces no dissoluble sediment or emissions noxious for human and plants. The basic difference from the above said methods is to employ as an oxidizer atomic oxygen, its active forms including OH-radicals with hydrogen peroxide as the source. Hydrogen peroxide can be produced with electric power from water inside the Life Support System (LSS).     

利用地月间空间站的载人登月飞行模式分析

为提高空间站利用率,降低载人登月任务成本,有效开发地月空间,研究了基于地月空间不同轨道空间站的载人登月飞行模式。首先对比直接往返登月飞行模式,对基于空间站的载人登月飞行模式进行任务分析,通过空间站将载人登月任务解耦为载人天地往返任务和登月任务两部分;其次通过轨道设计和稳定性分析提出考虑登月任务需求的地月间空间站可运行轨道和停泊点;最后建立一套飞行模式评价模型,从速度增量需求、飞行时间、空间环境、登月任务窗口、测控条件、交会对接技术难度、后续任务支持性和任务可靠性方面对6种不同位置空间站的登月飞行模式进行分析和定量评价。评价结果表明基于L2点Halo轨道空间站的载人登月飞行模式为更优飞行模式。     

卫星振动试验中推力的估算方法

准确预估规定试验条件下卫星振动试验所需推力对于试验的设计与实施具有重要意义。文章在常规卫星振动试验需用推力估算方法的基础上,结合具体的小卫星应用实例提出了支反力分析预示法和类比相似结构卫星推力的方法来估算卫星振动试验需用推力。通过与实际振动试验推力数据对比,文章给出了卫星振动试验需用推力估算方法的实用评估结论。     

In situ microbial detection in Mojave Desert soil using native fluorescence

We report on the use of a portable instrument for microbial detection in the Mojave Desert soil and the potential for its use on Mars. The instrument is based on native fluorescence and employs four excitation wavelengths combined with four emission wavelengths. A soil dilution series in which known numbers of Bacillus subtilis spores were added to soil was used to determine the sensitivity of the instrument. We found that the fluorescence of the biological and organic components of the desert soil samples studied can be as strong as the fluorescence of the mineral component of these soils. Using the calibration derived from B. subtilis spores, we estimated that microbial content at our primary sampling site was 10(7) bacteria per gram of soil, a level confirmed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. At a nearby site, but in a slightly different geological setting, we tested the instrument's ability to map out microbial concentrations in situ. Over a ～50 m diameter circle, soil microbial concentrations determined with the B. subtilis calibration indicate that the concentrations of microorganisms detected varies from 10(4) to 10(7) cells per gram of soil. We conclude that fluorescence is a promising method for detecting soil microbes in noncontact applications in extreme environments on Earth and may have applications on future missions to Mars.     

吸热型碳氢燃料再生冷却性能评估方法

吸热型碳氢燃料作为吸气式高超声速飞行器的再生冷却剂,冷却剂出口温度可达到750℃以上。碳氢燃料的冷却能力和抗结焦特性指标,是再生冷却剂的关键参数。在工程应用参数范围内,建立了吸热型碳氢燃料再生冷却性能综合评估体系,实现燃料热沉、结焦和流动传热性能的综合评估。燃料热沉采用热平衡法测量。作为参考:燃料温度600℃,热沉约2.0 MJ/kg;燃料温度750℃,热沉约3.5 MJ/kg。结焦采用层流流动阻力法进行定量测量,应用泊肃叶定律计算碳氢燃料结焦前后通道的当量内径,从而得到通道内结焦层的平均厚度。流动换热性能的评估方法是比较相同出口流体温度条件下不同燃料壁面温度沿轴向的分布趋势。以上吸热型碳氢燃料评估方法的建立,为研制吸热型碳氢燃料提供了有效的初步筛选途径。     

GPS/SINS组合导航系统状态的可观测度分析方法

线性时变系统状态的可观测度是检验所设计的Kalman滤波器的收敛精度和速度的重要指标。传统的可观测度分析方法存在着各种缺陷，难于满足实际工程应用需求。首先，本文论述了将线性时变系统状态转化为分段式定常系统(PWCS)的可观测性分析方法，并在对PWCS可观测性矩阵进行奇异值分解的基础上，定义系统状态的可观测度。然后，详细证明GPS／SINS组合导航系统满足PWCS分析定理要求，可以用条带化可观测性矩阵(SOM)代替总的可观测性矩阵(TOM)分析系统状态的可观测度。为了分析全弹道GPS／SINS系统状态的可观测度，进一步提出改进的可观测度分析方法。最后，从松耦合GPS／SINS系统仿真结果可以看到，可观测度指标能够很好地预见系统状态的Kalman滤波误差大小。可观测度高则滤波误差小，可观测度低则滤波误差大。这初步表明改进的可观测度分析方法是合理的和可行的。     

喷管喉衬背壁绝热层后效传热炭化分析

针对目前喷管喉衬背壁绝热层后效传热炭化缺乏定量分析的现状,通过材料模型、载荷模型的研究工作,建立能够满足喷管后效传热分析精度要求的喷管温度场有限元计算方法,并通过缩比试验喷管温度场计算与试验测试结果的对比分析进行验证。在此基础上,开展了背壁绝热层后效传热的仿真分析,掌握了后效传热炭化分析方法,并得到了解剖测试结果的验证。研究结果表明,背壁绝热层的炭化大部分发生在后效传热期间。利用该方法进行了全尺寸喷管的背壁绝热层后效炭化分析工作,提出了根据温度计算结果进行裕度评估的方法。评估结果表明,全尺寸喷管的背壁绝热层设计厚度有减薄空间。     

远程攻击末制导目标截获概率数字仿真

在分析影响远程打击飞行器截获概率各种误差因素的基础上，引入截获条件和截获概率密度函数．用蒙特卡罗法精确计算末制导截获概率，并给出了仿真计算的流程。仿真结果表明，该法能有效分析误差因素对飞行器空中截获概率的影响，为远程打击飞行器武器系统的误差配置和制导控制系统设计提供参考。     

降落伞系统可靠性综合评估

研究了降落伞系统的可靠性综合评估方法;给出了基于应力强度模型,利用强度试验数据,运用信仰统计推断法计算降落伞组件可靠度置信下限的方法,并对该方法与渐近正态法、分位数修正法进行了对比分析。分析表明,就精确度而言,基于信仰统计推断法给出的评估结果较好。     

无损检测技术在姿控发动机总装中的应用探析

阐述了目视检测、射线照相检测、泄漏检测等三种无损检测技术在姿控发动机上的应用情况。重点介绍了泄漏检测技术,针对发动机的结构特点、不同系统的性能要求及总装接头连接处各种密封形式在装配测试中分别采用了浸泡法、皂泡法及氦质谱简易包封积累法等不同的泄漏检测技术。经过对几种泄漏检测方法的对比分析,得出了针对不同的系统性能要求。需要采用不同的泄漏检测方法来满足设计要求的结论。