基于贡献度模型方法对空中交通管制中心系统的效能评估

 空中交通管制(ATC)中心系统的效能变化,直接影响到管制员的工作负荷和管制中心所辖空域的交通容量,是ATC系统的关键运行指标。基于系统行为表现的效能概念框架,采用系统效能分析的贡献度模型方法,对ATC中心系统的运行环境和工作过程进行了建模分析,构建了一个由9个外部环境变量和50个内部单元变量构成的ATC中心系统行为关系模型。通过采集系统专家和管制人员对外部信息贡献度和内部功能关键度的等级判断,计算生成了反映系统内外因素变化对系统效能影响的系统效能贡献度模型,并利用该模型对一个实际运行的ATC中心系统进行了效能分析评估,初步揭示了ATC中心系统效能变化的特点和规律。评估结果与运行专家对系统效能的经验判断具有较高的吻合度,验证了所创建的ATC中心系统效能贡献度模型及其分析方法的合理性。     

Application of Ground/Air Data Link to General Aviation Operations

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is currently upgrading secondary surveillance radars with systems which will have an integral data link capability, the Mode Select (Mode S) beacon system. These new systems will allow two-way data communications between ground systems (e.g., weather databases and Air Traffic Control (ATC) systems) and aircraft that are equipped with data link compatible Mode S transponders and suitable display and input devices. Initial data link services include both weather information and ATC advisories. The MITRE Corporation* is developing an in-house capability to perform end-to-end operational evaluation of data link services. Initially, a low-cost, portable pilot position man-machine interface is being developed for use in general aviation operations. The objective is to explore operational issues in laboratory and limited flight test environments, and to demonstrate these services on a data link I/O device, a laptop portable personal computer (PC) with touch panel. A group of pilots will bench test the interface design, and the results will be incorporated into the design used in flight testing. This paper describes the project's objectives and results to date, including implementation details and pilot test results.     

从航空市场需求到飞机设计要求

先讨论了确定新研发商用飞机设计要求所需的航空市场信息的统计和分析，然后介绍了把航空市场需求转化为飞机设计要求的方法。     

Scenarios of air transport reflecting capacity constraints at German airports

Forecasts of air traffic growth and their interpretation in terms of the requirement for future airport and air traffic system capacity have an important part to play in guiding decisions about transport system design. The complex issues involved are illustrated in this paper, which analyses possible growth scenarios for the particular case of Germany.     

Air transport system sensibilities

The growth of air traffic will make it one of the more significant sources of exhaust emissions in the future. This must be countered by the aviation industry with new, environmentally adapted aircraft technology, as well as air traffic management controlled by environmental concern. The issue of the day is to show how to influence the air transport system to make it sustainable. This article describes work intended to develop a broad conceptual framework for evaluating and encouraging appropriate economic, regulatory, operational and technical strategies.     

Broadcasting of a Digitally Coded List of Transponder Equipped Aircraft Scanned by FAA Ground Radars as a Means of Collision Avoidance, Navigation, Air Traffic Structuring, and Airfield Approach

An air traffic control system is proposed in which 1) all aircraft are equipped wit transponders, 2) FAA radar sites broadcast a digitally coded list of the identity, altitude, and coordinates of aircraft scanned, 3) each aircraft on receiving this list converts it into a PPI display with the blip of that aircraft branded and blips of off-altitude aircraft blanked, and 4) superimposed on this display are projected maps of airways appropriate to the particular radar and the aircraft altitude. This system could provide a fairly complete capability for air traffic control, structuring, navigation, and collision avoidance at a cost of about 3000 dollars per aircraft. It would replace most navigational and communication equipment now in use and could be operational in several years.     

空中交通流量管理仿真系统方案研究

随着中国交通流量的不断增长，如何更有效地实施流量管理的问题日益突出。建立空中交通流量管理仿真系统，可以在计算机网络搭建的平台上全面模拟仿真空中交通流量情况，发现存在的问题，寻找合理有效的管理体制和管理方法，为建设流量管理系统提供有力的技术支持。针对流量管理仿真系统的特点，提出系统开发和建设中的总体技术方案和关键技术。     

Aeronautical information and meteorological data-link services

Aeronautical Information and Meteorological Management is a key component of the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) global Air Traffic Management (ATM) operational concept. This global ATM concept is central to the Joint Planning and Development Office's (JPDO) Next Generation Air Transportation System (NGATS), and underlies Europe's Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) initiative. The availability of timely, accurate, and relevant aeronautical and meteorological information in the cockpit is critical for safe conduct of flight and forms the basis for Air Traffic Management (ATM) decision-making. The data-link of aeronautical and meteorological information will facilitate the creation of a common picture of the airspace situation for all flight crews, air traffic controllers, and airline operations personnel. Change notifications, timely warnings and alerts of threats to safe and efficient flight conduct will be enabled by these services. The ultimate goal is to provide access to on-line, real-time, quality information, and weather services to any aviation user, anytime, anywhere. In this framework, we present operational services and environment of the Aeronautical Information Management (AIM) and Meteorological (MET) data-link services envisaged to be implemented over the next decade in both Europe and the USA. It reflects concepts and system performance requirements currently developed by a joint EUROCAE (WG-76) / RTCA (SC-206) Committee. The envisaged AIM data-link services are presented: aeronautical updates both in textual and graphical fore, synchronization of aeronautical data between on-board and ground systems (exchange of permanent aeronautical data regardless of AIRAC cycles). The MET data-link services are also developed: weather planning, near-term, and reactive decision services.     

Percolation transition in temporal airport network

The air transportation system has a critical impact on the global economy. While the system reliability is essential for the operational management of air traffic, it remains challenging to understand the network reliability of the air transportation system. This paper focuses on how the global air traffic is integrated from local scale along with operational time. The integration process of air traffic into a temporally connected network is viewed as percolation process by increasing the integration time constantly. The critical integration time T_P which is found during the integration process can measure the global reliability of air traffic. The critical links at T_P are also identified, the delay of which will influence the global integration of the airport network. These findings may provide insights on the reliability management for the temporal airport network.     

对流天气下空域通行能力短缺预警及响应综述

对流天气是空域通行能力短缺的主要原因之一。为了解决这一问题,需要通过理论和实践创新,建立对流天气条件下空域通行能力短缺的预警和应急响应机制,提高空域资源配置效率。从对流天气影响信息解释转换、容量评估与预警及空域响应预案三个方面梳理了国内外研究现状,总体趋势是:对流天气逐渐通过各种解释转换模型被量化为对空域和航路的影响;对流天气下空域通行能力主要受管制员工作负荷的限制,只有准确评估对流天气下的工作负荷,才能做出正确的通行能力短缺预警;对流天气响应方案,逐渐由地面等待、增加同航迹间隔、返航、备降等高耗能的流量控制措施,转向以灵活使用空域预案确保改航方案的实施方向发展。课题的应用前景是可以化解对流天气下交通需求与空域通行能力不平衡的矛盾,提高预警准确度,减少响应前置时间,提高流量管理与容量管理协同运行的效率,减轻对流天气造成的航班延误,减少航空器运行成本,实现节能减排的要求。     

Formulation of discovery-class mission concepts

A key feature of the NASA discovery programs is the strategy of allowing a single scientist with a "good idea" to form his/her own team of scientists and engineers to generate a concept which is credible and attractive to a complete body of independent peers. The principle investigator (PI) must accept responsibility for all aspects of the mission. A wide variety of mission types have been found to fit the discovery mold, including fly-bys, orbiters, landers and even sample return missions. To enhance this fit, it has been necessary for scientists and engineers to work closely in: evaluating spacecraft risks, setting data throughput requirements and methods of their amelioration, focusing on key objectives, and deriving strict instrument and experiment requirements from overall goals and engineering realities. Discovery is loaded with challenges, but likewise, represents the most promising opportunities for affordable, frequent scientific advances in planetary exploration.     

Shared situation awareness in the flight deck-ATC system

The comparison of pilots' and controllers' goals and situation awareness information requirements has revealed many parallels at the higher levels. At the more detailed, lower levels, however, subtle underlying differences were identified that lend insight into their decisions. The preliminary experimental results indicate that situation awareness was improved when information was shared between the cockpit and the ground. Pilots' traffic situation awareness improved when traffic information was displayed; controllers' weather situation awareness improved when weather information was displayed. Operational errors were reduced in the process. Pilots and controllers also exhibited behavioral changes. When information was shared, controllers provided more frequent weather advisories to pilots. Pilots and controllers were more likely to suggest preferred route amendment alternatives to their counterparts, and re-route negotiation increased in the process. Based on these preliminary results, it appears that shared information between flight crews and air traffic controllers may be beneficial in terms of improved situation awareness and the behaviors it appears to foster     

雷雨影响空域容量的评估模型及方法

空域容量是实施空中交通流量管理措施的重要依据,尤其在雷雨天气条件下空域运行容量精准预判,是流量管理战术阶段的重点也是难点。本研究目的在于介绍一种量化评估天气对空域容量影响程度的计算模型,以及在流量管理战术阶段应用该模型的方法,并为开发气象和流量管理人员协同决策支持工具提供参考。本研究的创新之处,在于从天气对空中交通管制运行影响出发,选取流量管理员重点关注的五个关键气象指标,包括回波强度、降水强度、云顶高度、覆盖范围、位置趋势。研究结合运行实际进一步给出指标等级划分标准,运用指标权重提高了模型对不同空域结构的适用性。最后,通过选取典型场景进行实证研究,该模型的准确性和实用性得到初步验证,在战术流量管理阶段表现出较高的应用价值。     

What is System Wide Information Management (SWIM)?

System wide information management (SWIM) has been identified by the FAA as a key enabler for the next generation air traffic system (NGATS). Boeing has been working with the FAA since 2004 to define the role of SWIM within the framework of the existing and envisioned set of national airspace system (NAS) communications systems and air traffic operations. SWIM, as an information management infrastructure, in effect creates a "system of systems" of existing (and new) systems (or software applications, or simply applications) interacting through SWIM services. Describing SWIM in such a context is only fruitful when adopting the point of view of each person based on their role and perspective of airspace operations, be they a user, an application developed, or a SWIM implemented. This paper describes the current vision of SWIM from multiple viewpoints (operational, functional, physical) in an attempt to provide a broad perspective of SWIM to a technical audience of mixed backgrounds     

突发事件下大规模空中交通流量管理的组合优化模型

为了解决危险天气和军航活动对管制运行的影响，使用动态网络流方法对突发事件下短期空中交通流量调度问题展开研究。首先，结合中国民航管制的特点，分析了突发事件对流量管理的影响。同时，根据航路航线网络及其高度层的特点，给出了网络和高度层的数学描述，并根据机型将航空器分成大、中和小3种交通流，介绍了使用多品种流描述3种机型的必要性；其次，根据网络拥挤程度随时间和流量变化的特点、危险天气随机变化的特点、空中等待和地面等待费用差异的特点构建了3个优化目标，考虑机场容量、扇区容量、航班连续性和扇区连续性约束建立了多目标优化模型；再次，针对军航活动时需要协调空域的特点，多品种流模型求解时间复杂度高，不能适应短期流量管理的缺陷，改进了逐步宽容约束法，设计了一种阶段式求解的近似算法；最后，以西南空管局管制的空域为例，利用实际流量数据，设计了3个场景进行仿真。结果表明，所提模型和算法能有效求解突发事件下的短期流量调度问题，算法效率比起传统算法在大流量下更具优势。     

对流天气空域阻塞概率与阻塞指数模型

管制员高估对流天气的影响,发布不必要的流控指令,会使得航班过度延误;管制员低估对流天气的影响,会造成工作负荷的激增,也会使得航班飞行安全风险增大。为了准确评估空域受天气影响程度,减少管制员高估和低估天气影响次数,建立了特定方向对流天气空域阻塞概率模型和航路交通阻塞指数模型。测试结果表明,特定方向对流天气空域阻塞概率模型,用于衡量对流天气下交通流在各个方向被阻塞概率,为管制员决策是否允许航空器沿特定方向在扇区绕飞提供参考有实际意义;对流天气航路交通阻塞指数模型,用于衡量对流天气下沿航路交通流被阻塞的概率,为管制员决策是否允许航空器沿航路穿越对流天气提供参考是可行的。访谈数据表明,90%的参访者同意在这两个参数可得时,他们获取对流天气影响交通态势感知所需要的时间确实有所减少。     

天气影响下的空中交通系统容量评估综述

回顾了空中交通系统容量评估的基本方法,随后以恶劣天气为背景,介绍了空中交通系统不同组成单元中容量研究的对象与方法.分析表明现有研究存在缺乏容量短周期评估方法、容量定义多样化、忽略管制员负荷等问题,并提出了后续研究的思路.     

中欧枢纽机场航班协同放行需求与对策研究

随着中欧之间航空运输量的不断增加,中欧几个主要枢纽机场之间互飞的航班量增长迅速,从欧洲空中交通流量管理系统发展的经验来看,协调枢纽机场航班放行时间可以显著地减少空域拥挤,减少航班延误,提高航班的正常性和可预测性.尝试从分析中国北京首都机场等几大枢纽机场中欧之间航班飞行流量、起降时刻出发,从减少中国枢纽机场拥挤的角度分析中欧协同放行的必要性,从航班和机场信息共享、协同放行机制等角度分析其可行性,以期望为进一步加强中欧航空合作打下基础.由于时间和数据限制,研究无法从欧洲空管角度做出类似的分析.     

飞机座舱多功能显示界面的实现

为了实现飞机座舱内用单屏可以进行多功能界面显示,提出了座舱内地形、交通、气象三者合一的多功能界面显示的方案。采用GL Studio和VC++6.0混合编程的方法,实现了地形、气象、交通、地形交通叠加以及气象交通叠加等5种显示模式,通过外部并口按键,可以实现5种模式以及两种显示范围的任意切换。测试结果表明,系统的设计可以使飞行员根据需要进行切换,及时了解当前的飞行环境,做出飞行决策,完成单屏多功能显示。     

空中交通管制员工作负荷研究

This paper is focusing on workload leading to stress and fatigue,which,so far,have resulted in real or potential accidents,incidents or errors,not been explored but with impact on the controller everyday,studying workload curve on the real situations based on operational units,e.g. Zhengzhou area control center,and doing certain calculations on the number of air traffic controller needed in accordance with the air traffic to be handled. Lastly,some strategies are put forward.