对航天继电器技术发展若干问题的思考

对我国航天继电器技术发展的问题,阐述了四个方面的观点:(1)航天继电器技术发展的根本任务;(2)我国航天继电器与国际同行之间的差距;(3)材料对航天继电器技术发展的制约;(4)几点建议.并就解决相应的技术问题提出了一些措施.     

继电器超行程的示波器检查法

某战术型号导弹的地面测试发射设备,用我厂生产的JRC-4M超小型密封继电器.在使用过程中,曾出现过常开触点失效的故障. 失效故障的继电器,经解剖分析,是因衔铁的超行程不足引起的. 衔铁超行程,是指当继电器激励时,衔铁运动自常开触点开始接触起,至衔铁完全闭     

正确使用电磁继电器

电磁继电器广泛应用于空间飞行器的能源供配电控制和控制电路。由于继电器的特殊作用,它的质量问题倍受关注。据五院可靠性中心继电器失效统计分析表明,属于不正确使用的占60％以上。文章从介绍继电器的工作原理入手,着重从继电器的激励、闭合、断开、负载瞬间动态特性诸方面分析,提出使用继电器应注意的若干问题。笔者结合三十多年的使用实践,提出扬长避短正确使用继电器的一些方法,并介绍几个故障事例。     

航天继电器触点粘连故障机理分析及保护技术

文章针对卫星供配电系统功率继电器接通瞬间浪涌电流导致触点粘连故障进行研究,分析电路导致浪涌电流的机理,并对一种继电器触点浪涌抑制保护电路开展分析和试验测试,提出有效消除继电器触点粘连故障的方案。研究结果对帮助指导航天继电器的使用,提高航天继电器在轨应用的可靠性和安全性具有重要意义。     

电磁继电器二次释放机理分析及特征研究

针对电磁继电器存在的二次释放现象进行分析研究。首先运用小波理论对采集的波形进行数据处理,得到去除噪声干扰后的线圈电压和触点电压波形;然后通过对多种型号的电磁继电器进行测试,对比分析,发现电磁继电器存在二次释放的普遍特点,分析二次释放过程产生的机理,发现:二次释放时刻与常开触点电压上升时刻为同一时刻;继而对继电器的二次释放过程进行改善,减弱继电器的二次释放现象,并研究二次释放对继电器性能的影响,得出二次释放会导致继电器的释放时间延长,而且还会导致触点燃弧时间增加,使得继电器的寿命缩短。本文研究结论对改善电磁继电器动态性能有较大参考意义。     

航天继电器浪涌电流作用下电接触寿命研究

近年来,卫星上的航天继电器在使用过程中发生了多次触点粘连故障,经分析发现,虽然在继电器设计中均根据其稳态工作电流进行了一级降额设计,但由于非纯阻性负载的存在,继电器在通断瞬间均存在一定程度的浪涌电流,该浪涌电流可以使触点迅速熔蚀,甚至熔焊失效。文章针对继电器接通瞬间浪涌电流对触点的熔蚀现象开展研究,利用试验测试并验证航天继电器的抗浪涌电流能力,对触点熔蚀、熔焊机理进行分析研究,研究结论可以指导航天继电器的使用,提高继电器在轨应用的可靠性和安全性,延长其使用寿命。     

空间真空环境下密封电磁继电器的触点失效研究

密封电磁继电器有其固有的漏率,在应用于空间真空环境下由于气体泄漏使得其内部气体压力逐渐降低,导致继电器的触点在低气压环境下工作失效（负载切换时）。文章选择国产继电器样品对上述机理进行了试验验证,并对继电器内部气体压力与触点电弧失效的规律进行了研究。     

时间继电器综合参数测试仪的研制

时间继电器综合参数测试仪是测试时间继电器的专用仪器，可替代示波器、毫欧表等普通仪器对时间继电器进行参数测试．介绍了一种时间继电器综合参数测试仪，着重介绍了其技术指标、工作原理及使用说明等．     

航天器多继电器线圈并联电路的可靠性研究

航天器配电系统中广泛采用多继电器线圈并联电路作为平台设备和负载的供电通路开关。文章从继电器互感效应入手,对多继电器线圈并联电路在指令发出、指令结束2 种工况下的电路可靠性进行了分析,结果表明目前常用的继电器线圈并联电路存在可靠性隐患。因此,针对隐患提出了在继电器线圈前串接二极管的电路可靠性优化方案。试验结果表明,优化后的电路形式可以有效提高电路的可靠性。     

电磁继电器转换电压测试方法的研究与应用

研究了一种新的电磁继电器转换电压的测试方法,这种测试方法引入了自反馈控制的原理,对于提高电磁继电器的测试速度,简化测试引线,减小测试误差都具有突破性的意义,更有利于电磁继电器的可靠性质量保证工作。     

航天器空间环境及效应监测数据集成化管理与处理系统

空间环境与效应监测数据集成化管理与快速处理是保证航天器在轨安全的重要依据。文章基于航天器空间环境与效应监测数据管理与处理系统的功能要求,给出了系统的组成、架构和数据处理流程。该系统集成了航天器空间环境与效应监测数据的管理、处理、综合分析、参数标定和可视化显示功能,能够实现电子、质子、总剂量、原子氧、温度、表面电位、污染等环境与效应在轨数据的瞬时参数（通量、剂量率、温度变化率、表面电位变化率、污染沉积率）和累积参数（注量、电离总剂量、温度、表面电位、总污染量）的监显,为航天器的在轨健康实时监测、风险快速预报预警提供重要支撑。     

太赫兹雷达前沿探测成像技术

综述几种典型的太赫兹雷达前沿探测成像技术。首先,回顾太赫兹雷达技术的发展历程,分析其实用化进程中面临的挑战;然后,分别从太赫兹雷达增程、前视成像探测以及雷达信号处理三个方面展开论述,梳理太赫兹单光子探测、里德堡原子探测、孔径编码成像、涡旋目标微动探测以及智能信息处理五种典型的太赫兹雷达探测前沿技术的研究背景、基本原理、技术优势等;最后,对全文进行总结。研究成果有望为突破太赫兹雷达在作用距离、探测体制等方面的技术瓶颈提供可行的技术途径,并进一步推动太赫兹探测机理、方法、器件和系统等全面创新发展,为战场侦察、精确打击以及远程预警等应用提供关键技术支撑。     

美俄电子战靶场现状及发展趋势浅析

分析了美俄电子战靶场发展现状和发展路线,指出了电子战靶场发展趋势,即“三个一体化”：内外场一体化、多靶场联合一体化及“研、试、训”一体化。现代电子战和电子战装备技术系统性、对抗性更强,美俄电子战靶场发展对电子战靶场建设主动适应这种变化,尽快实现“三个一体化”,有一定的启示和借鉴作用。     

中国空间技术研究院的标准化卫星平台

首先阐述卫星标准化的三种形式——通用化、系列化和组合化的基本概念和卫星平台实现标准化的必要性；其次介绍了国外公用平台的现状，提出建立卫星公用平台的基本原则；最后给出8种公用平台的自重、平台尺寸、可支承的有效载荷重量、总功率、有效栽荷可用功率、姿态控制精度、测控能力、推进剂携带量、设计工作寿命、与运载火箭的兼容性等主要性能参数及应用前景。     

Economics of satellite communications systems

This paper is partly a tutorial, telling systematically how one goes about calculating the total annual costs of a satellite communications system, and partly the expression of some original ideas on the choice of parameters so as to minimize these costs.The calculation of costs can be divided into two broad categories. The first is technical and is concerned with estimating what particular equipment will cost and what will be the annual expense to maintain and operate it. One starts in the estimation of any new system by listing the principal items of equipment, such as satellites, earth stations of various sizes and functions, telemetry and tracking equipment and terrestrial interfaces, and then estimating how much each item will cost. Methods are presented for generating such estimates, based on a knowledge of the gross parameters, such as antenna size, coverage area, transmitter power and information rate. These parameters determine the system performance and it is usually possible, knowing them, to estimate the costs of the equipment rather well. Some formulae based on regression analyses are presented. Methods are then given for estimating closely related expenses, such as maintenance and operation, and then an approximate method is developed for estimating terrestrial interconnection costs.It is pointed out that in specific cases when tariff and geographical information are available, it is usually better to work with specific data, but nonetheless it is often desirable, especially in global system estimating, to approximate these interconnect costs without recourse to individual tariffs. The procedure results in a set of costs for the purchase of equipment and its maintenance, and a schedule of payments. Some payments will be incurred during the manufacture of the satellite and before any systems operation, but many will not be incurred until the system is no longer in use, e.g. incentives. In any case, with the methods presented in the first section, one arrives at a schedule of costs and payments for all the items and the years in which they will be incurred. The second category of costing problems is one of financing or engineering economics. All the costs are first “present valued” to some reference period using rates of return appropriate to the particular situation.One finally arrives at sets of annual costs which can be used as the basis for setting lease costs or revenue requirements and tariffs. The correspondence between methods using discounted rates of return and capital recovery formulae on one hand and those using various depreciation schedules, such as is typical of regulated industries on the other hand, is discussed.The remainder of the paper is devoted to discussing the relationship between critical parameters, such as replacement schedules, design lifetime, satellite power and Earth station antenna size, and the overall costs.It is shown that optima for these parameters may exist and can be calculated. In particular, the optimization of satellite replacement schedules to minimize the present value of total investment over a very long period is presented, along with simplified versions of the theory suitable for system planning.The choice of EIRP is also discussed and a procedure for choosing the value that minimizes the costs is shown.     

组合动力运载器上升段轨迹智能优化方法

针对组合动力水平起飞可重复使用运载器，开展了上升段轨迹优化模型设计与轨迹优化方法研究。首先，针对跨大空/速域飞行须采用多种动力形式协调工作这一问题，考虑动力/气动/轨迹/指标间的复杂耦合关系，建立了运载器动力和气动模型。其次，为降低轨迹优化问题的求解难度，设计了一种全新的飞行剖面，实现了关键优化参数的提取和攻角约束的自动满足，减少了优化算法需要处理的约束数量。然后，提出了一种改进的粒子群优化(PSO)算法完成求解；在收敛性分析的基础上，引入强化学习机制对PSO寻优过程进行自主智能控制，从本质上提升了PSO算法的求解效率。最后通过数学仿真验证了方法的正确性和有效性。     

美国调整军事航天器的发展策略

美国对军事航天器的依赖性不断增强,也面临着航天器越来越长的研制周期和越来越高的研制成本,因此,改变军事航天器的发展策略成为当务之急。美国为提升战场实战能力正在进行发展思路的战略性调整,主要包括:拓展搭载军事有效载荷的途径;推进将大型卫星有效载荷拆分成小卫星的模式;开发分布式军事太空系统结构;对运载资源挖潜;优化商业模式实现业务拓展。对已有卫星的后续系统,进行规模改造与能力提升途径的调整,主要包括:对于军事通信卫星,扩大宽带或"超高频"(SHF)系统,突出窄带或"特高频"(UHF)系统及"先进极高频"(AEHF)系统;分步升级GPS的地面部分,将GPS-3提升为国家关键基础设施;确保导弹预警卫星系统重点。在开发新系统时,美国注重提高效能和降低成本,发展有效的支持能力和低成本小卫星系统,提高低成本机动发射和快速进入太空的能力,并以轨道资源利用为目的开拓新途径。     

Space activities in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

This paper summarizes the establishment and current development of space activities in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Space activities in Venezuela are focused on the areas of telecommunications, Earth observation and research on the physical properties of the Earth, and have as a primary goal the satisfaction of social needs. Current development of space activities started in 1999 when the new National Constitution recognized the value of outer space as the common heritage of mankind, and the key role of science and technology in promoting human welfare. The Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities (ABAE) was created in 2007. Its legal framework recognizes three key elements that drive its policy: the participation of society, capacity building and human training, and international cooperation. Indeed ongoing international cooperation with partners such as China, India, Brazil and Uruguay has already expanded Venezuelan space capabilities, allowing the country to launch its first telecommunications satellite, Venesat-1 in 2008, to plan the infrastructure development for the design of small satellites, and to train 1195 local professionals in space science, technology and applications. Our analysis shows that Venezuela has the potential to become a space leadership country, promoting the social welfare, integration, and sustainable development of Latin American countries.     

遥测装备智能运维系统的研究与工程化实现

随着航天发射和在轨航天器管理任务的不断增加，为支撑各类测控需求，遥测站数量越来越多，测控系统越来越复杂。为了从整体降低对遥测任务及遥测装备的运维管理成本，提升运维信息的应用能力，为各类角色用户提供有效全面的信息支撑，需要建立体系化的遥测装备智能运维系统。构建多级智能化运维体系，通过现代化信息感知和传输技术实现装备信息的多维度快速获取、感知和汇聚，全局性掌控战斗资源，建设运维中心及信息处理平台完成数据的智能融合处理，通过对各装备、各时段数据的比较，关联挖掘信息，深层次利用运维数据，实现资源全景展示、装备状态监视与智能维护、运行效能评估、态势分析与预测等能力，为遥测资源和战斗力部署调度提供直接全面的决策支撑。     

凝视成像型光谱仪特点及其小行星探测应用前景（英文）

Compared with traditional ground asteroid observations, deep space exploration is an important way to explore and comprehensively understand the characteristics of asteroids. Imaging spectrometer integrates morphological measurement and spectral measurement, and has the ability to acquire image and spectral data simultaneously. By combining morphometry and spectrometry, it is possible to achieve efficient identification and quantitative analysis of the chemical components of the exploration target, and has the strong advantage in the field of asteroid exploration. This paper analyzes the principle of the staring imaging spectrometer and the technological progress in various countries. Based on the requirements of light, small payloads and the space characteristics of spectroscopic devices, the application of staring imaging spectrometer is discussed. Then, this paper introduces the conceptual design of an acousto-optic staring imaging spectrometer, combined with the technical characteristics of its area array stare frame imaging and fast electronic control spectrum selection. An experimental verification is carried out, which provides a reference for the feasibility of this type of instrument in asteroid exploration.