柔性绳网动力学建模与天地差异性分析

采用有限元模型研究了柔性绳网系统的动力学特性。针对空间绳网直接弹射展开方式,首先将绳网离散为若干单元,各单元处理为非线性“半阻尼弹簧”模型,然后分别计算各单元所受气动力和重力,最终建立绳网系统多柔体动力学模型。基于所建立的动力学模型分别对柔性绳网在地面和太空展开的动力学过程进行了仿真分析,研究了绳网在展开面积、空间位形和飞行距离等方面的天地差异性及其动力学机理,为未来空间绳网系统的分析设计提供理论参考。     

Vestibular factors influencing the biomedical support of humans in space

This paper will describe the biomedical support aspects of humans in space with respect to the vestibular system. The vestibular system is thought to be the primary sensory system involved in the short-term effects of space motion sickness although there is increasing evidence that many factors play a role in this complex set of symptoms. There is the possibility that an individual's inner sense of orientation may be strongly coupled with the susceptibility to space motion sickness. A variety of suggested countermeasures for space motion sickness will be described. Although there are no known ground-based tests that can predict space motion sickness, the search should go on. The long term effects of the vestibular system in weightlessness are still relatively unknown. Some preliminary data has shown that the otoconia are irregular in size and distribution following extended periods of weightlessness. The ramifications of this data are not yet known and because the data was obtained on lower order animals, definitive studies and results must wait until the space station era when higher primates can be studied for long durations. This leads us to artificial gravity, the last topic of this paper. The vestibular system is intimately tied to this question since it has been shown on Earth that exposure to a slow rotating room causes motion sickness for some period of time before adaptation occurs. If the artificial gravity is intermittent, will this mean that people will get sick every time they experience it? The data from many astronauts returning to Earth indicates that a variety of sensory illusions are present, especially immediately upon return to a 1-g environment. Oscillopsia or apparent motion of the visual surround upon head motion along with inappropriate eye motions for a given head motion, all indicate that there is much to be studied yet about the vestibular and CNS systems reaction to a sudden application of a steady state acceleration field like 1-g. From the above information it is obvious that the vestibular system does have unique requirements when it comes to the biomedical support of space flight. This is not to say that other areas such as cardiovascular, musculo-skeletal, immunological and hematological systems do not have their own unique requirements but that possible solutions to one system can provide continuing problems to another system. For example, artificial gravity might be helpful for long term stabilization of bone demineralization or cardiovascular deconditioning but might introduce a new set of problems in orientation, vestibular conflict and just plain body motion in a rotating space vehicle.     

临近空间高超声速目标跟踪动力学模型

针对临近空间滑跃式高超声速目标(NSHV)跟踪问题，提出一种新型的动力学跟踪模型。首先从动力学方程与横纵向机动样式两个方面分析了NSHV运动特性，将其抽象为滑跃式NSHV气动加速度相关性的一般规律；在此基础上将气动加速度中的阻力与爬升加速度建模为二阶时间相关模型，使其加速度自相关函数同时具备周期性与衰减性，并据此建立了动力学跟踪模型状态方程；此外，为应对有无动力段转换的误差突变问题(有动力的情况)，引入强跟踪滤波进行突变点的滤波补偿。最后通过与不同现有算法比较验证了模型的优 越性 。     

Nausogenic properties of various dynamic and static force environments.

Motion sickness can occur when an accelerating force acting on the human body repeatedly changes amplitude and direction or both. It also can occur without any motion after transfer into a constant force field significantly different from Earth-gravity. Dynamic and static causes of motion sickness can be distinguished accordingly. Space sickness, too, has dynamic as well as static aspects. Dynamic space sickness might depend on increased bilateral differential sensitivity of the peripheral and central vestibular apparatus, whereas static space sickness may be caused by erroneous compensation of bilaterial asymmetries of the otolith-system in the microgravity environment. Experiments in airplanes, cars and on a vestibular sled have shown that the susceptibility to motion sickness is highest for changes of acceleration in the negative X-axis (as compared to the other axes) of the body. During reciprocating linear accelerations on the vestibular sled, standstill periods of movement and the direction of movement cannot correctly be indicated, because the peripheral vestibular apparatus lacks true motion detectors.     

利用并行八叉树划分技术开展复杂构型航天器放气污染分析研究

放气污染对航天器造成的有害影响需要定量评估。放气产物分子的输运过程可以采用Monte-Carlo方法模拟,并用射线表示放气分子输运轨迹。如此一来,即转换为射线追踪问题。由于航天器构型复杂,射线追踪的计算很耗时,所以有必要研究其加速算法。文章将复杂构型航天器表面用三角形非结构网格表示,利用八叉树划分技术开展分子运动轨迹与表面相交的加速模拟计算。同时,在基于共享内存多核计算平台,利用OpenMPAPI软件实现了计算的并行化。该方法在对空间站的实例计算中显著提高了运算速度,并对空间站的污染情况进行了初步评价分析。     

Artificial gravity: a possible countermeasure for post-flight orthostatic intolerance

Four payload crewmembers were exposed to sustained linear acceleration in a centrifuge during the Neurolab (STS-90) flight. In contrast to previous studies, otolith–ocular reflexes were preserved during and after flight. This raised the possibility that artificial gravity may have acted as a countermeasure to the deconditioning of otolith–ocular reflexes. None of the astronauts who were centrifuged had orthostatic intolerance when tested with head-up passive tilt after flight. Thus, centrifugation may also have helped maintain post-flight hemodynamic responses to orthostasis by preserving the gain of the otolith–sympathetic reflex. A comparison with two fellow Neurolab orbiter crewmembers not exposed to artificial gravity provided some support for this hypothesis. One of the two had hemodynamic changes in response to post-flight tilt similar to orthostatically intolerant subjects from previous missions. More data is necessary to evaluate this hypothesis, but if it were proven correct, in-flight short-radius centrifugation may help counteract orthostatic intolerance after space flight.     

Considerations for development of countermeasures for physiological decrements associated with long-duration space missions

Countermeasures are necessary to offset or minimize the deleterious changes in human physiology resulting from long duration space flight. Exposure to microgravity alters musculoskeletal, neurosensory, and cardiovascular systems with resulting deconditioning that may compromise crew health and performance. Maintaining health and fitness at acceptable levels is critical for preserving performance capabilities required to accomplish specific mission tasks (e.g.—extravehicular activity) and to optimize performance after landing. To enable the goals of the exploration program, NASA is developing a new suite of exercise hardware such as the improved loading device, the SchRED. This presentation will update the status of current countermeasures, correlate hardware advances with improvements in exercise countermeasures, and discuss future activities for safe and productive exploration missions.     

基于准静态载荷的航天器系统级正弦振动试验力限条件

以运载火箭研制方提供的准静态载荷为依据,提出了改进的航天器系统级正弦振动试验力限条件,并结合典型算例与目前采用的传统力限条件进行了对比研究。研究表明:改进的力（矩）限条件及相应的加速度下凹条件剔除了对界面合力（矩）无影响的过载项,物理概念更为清楚,计算方法更为合理;改进后的力限或加速度条件明显低于传统的试验条件,有利于减少航天器系统级试验中的过试验现象。     

Gender specific changes in cortical activation patterns during exposure to artificial gravity

Keeping astronauts healthy during long duration spaceflight remains a challenge. Artificial gravity (AG) generated by a short arm human centrifuges (SAHC) is proposed as the next generation of integrated countermeasure devices that will allow human beings to safely spend extended durations in space, although comparatively little is known about any psychological side effects of AG on brain function.     

航天员微重力作业训练系统重力补偿控制策略

针对航天员微重力作业训练系统的重力场补偿控制这一关键技术,进行了理论和实验研究。分析了模拟微重力环境的机理,确定了微重力作业训练系统的总体结构方案,提出了一种基于电流反馈的重力补偿控制及多干扰力补偿控制策略。通过虚拟重力补偿控制实验,验证了在地面环境、动态作业过程中,模拟物体在不同空间重力加速度环境下的运动规律,实现了在重力方向模拟空间环境下物体移动的作业训练效果。研究成果为在地面实现三维作业训练系统的控制奠定了基础。     

振动试验中力限控制技术

文章阐述了在地面模拟航天器经历的力学环境时,应充分合理地考核航天器的结构；回顾了国内外解决振动试验中过试验问题的方法；全面介绍了振动试验中的力限控制技术。该技术是利用加速度控制的同时,通过限制振动试验中受试产品与工装连接面作用力的大小,来避免振动试验中的过试验问题。     

基于力限的加速度谱下凹技术研究

为了缓解随机振动“过试验”现象,通常需要在试验件共振频段将加速度谱下凹。结合工程实际,文章基于力限振动试验的基本原理,提出了基于力限的加速度谱下凹策略,最后计算了某航天器有效载荷的加速度下凹谱,可以为随机振动试验加速度条件下凹提供技术支持,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

Dynamics and control of variable-geometry truss structures

Variable-geometry truss structures are likely to be used extensively in the future for in-orbit space construction. This paper considers dynamics formulation and vibration control of such structures. The truss system is modelled as a collection of sub-structures consisting of truss booms, prismatic actuator elements, and in some cases a manipulator at the end. Each truss boom is treated as a separate ‘link’ and its flexibility is modelled using the finite element method. Equations of motion for individual sub-structures are obtained which are then assembled. The non-working constraint forces are eliminated to obtain the equations governing the constrained dynamics of the entire system. For vibration control, the singular perturbation method is employed to construct two reduced-order models, for quasi-static motion and for modal co-ordinates, respectively. Computed torque with PD control is applied to maintain the quasi-static motion, while an optimal LQR method is used for vibration control. Typical simulation results are presented for the planar case.     

失效卫星电磁消旋涉及的地磁扰动计算及磁场源优化设计方法

以失效卫星为代表的空间碎片受各种扰动因素影响,其旋转速度可达几到几十(°)/s。这种旋转运动给碎片清除带来困难,因此对旋转空间碎片进行消旋势在必行。电磁消旋因其非接触、无碰撞特性得到广泛关注,但在实际应用中须首先判别地磁场与磁场源相互作用产生的扰动力和力矩。文章在简要介绍基于旋转磁场的电磁消旋方法的基础上,建立电磁消旋过程中的电磁扰动力和力矩的分析模型,仿真分析计算地磁扰动力及力矩的分布,并给出减小地磁扰动的源磁场结构设计原则。通过设计组合式磁场源,优化磁场源各个磁体的磁化方向排布,可减小磁场源总磁矩以及地磁扰动。     

绳系空间太阳能电站动力学响应分析

利用绝对节点坐标方法研究绳系空间太阳能电站在轨飞行的太阳能电池板动力响应。通过勒让德变换引入广义动量,在约束哈密尔顿体系下建立轨道、姿态和弹性振动耦合的动力学方程。基于祖冲之类方法的思想,结合辛龙格-库塔方法对微分-代数方程进行数值求解。数值算例说明本文建模方法和数值算法都是有效的,能很好地保持系统约束和能量。最后分析了绳长、平台系统的质量、轨道高度对于梁中点挠度和轴向平均应变的影响。     

基于自适应动力吸振器的空间桁架结构振动抑制研究

航天器中使用的轻质桁架结构在受到扰动时会产生振动,从而影响设备正常工作。为解决这一问题,本文提出一种附加在结构上的主动动力吸振装置,利用电磁力推动质量块产生的反作用力作为主动力施加在被控结构上,抑制结构振动。主动控制算法采用自适应逆扰动抑制算法,对空间环境下的结构参数变化具有一定的自适应调节能力。为验证算法的有效性,建立了桁架-吸振器系统的动力学模型,对无吸振器和有吸振器时的被动和主动吸振模式进行了仿真对比。最后在三棱柱桁架结构中进行了振动主动控制实验。结果显示在主动模式下桁架振动振幅衰减可达90%以上。
     

Biochemical and morphological stress-reactions in humans and animals in microgravity

This article is a literary review focused on the problem of the stress-effect of microgravity. Based on the all-round analysis of data from manned missions and space experiments with rats it is concluded that microgravity as a permanent factor of space flight does not produce an intense chronic stress in either humans or animals. On the other hand, microgravity is responsible for deconditioning of a number of vital systems and of the organism as a whole. On return to Earth, the deconditioned bodies of humans and animals exaggerate the usual terrestrial loads due to gravity forces and respond by acute gravitational stress.     

力限控制方法试验验证技术研究

文章以某型号承力筒纵向振动力限控制试验为例,对力限控制试验平台进行了介绍,包括力限试验夹具及力测量设备(FMD)、力信号采集和处理技术、力传感器校准技术等.对承力筒力限控制试验结果和加速度控制试验结果进行比较,指出力限控制方法对控制精度和试验结果的影响,并探讨了在我国航天器振动试验中应用力限控制方法需要面对的问题及可能的解决办法,为力限试验验证技术的深入开展提供了参考.     

力限技术的发展和应用前景

在航天器振动试验中引起过试验的主要原因是试验件安装结构和振动台的阻抗不同及制订加速度输入谱时采用包络法.解决此问题的一种思路是在振动中限制试验件安装界面的力,即力限技术,它包括力谱制订、力的测量方法、夹具设计和振动控制策略等关键技术.文章回顾了国外力限技术的发展,介绍了力限技术应用的关键技术问题,并对在我国航天器振动试验中力限技术的应用前景进行了展望.