A fault-tolerant magnetic spin stabilizing controller for the JC2Sat-FF mission

This paper presents a spin-stabilization algorithm for the Japan Canada Joint Collaboration Satellite-Formation Flying (JC2Sat-FF) mission using magnetic actuation only. It is shown that under a reasonable assumption on the Earth’s magnetic field, the resulting control law is asymptotically stabilizing for an axisymmetric spacecraft, even under the failure of up to two magnetic torque rods and magnetic torque rod saturation. It is also stabilizing under quantization. The satellite motion remains stable under control outages, meaning that the error can be reduced by implementing the control intermittently. The effectiveness of the control law is demonstrated using a high fidelity attitude control system simulator for the JC2Sat-FF satellite.     

Attitude control system of the first Russian nanosatellite <Emphasis Type="Italic">TNS-0 no. 1</Emphasis>

The results of designing the attitude control system of the first Russian nanosatellite TNS-0 no. 1 providing orientation of its longitudinal axis along the local geomagnetic field induction vector are presented. The system consists of a permanent magnet and two sets of hysteresis rods. The magnetic and geometric parameters of the magnet and rods are calculated. The influence of the permanent magnet field on the hysteresis rods and mutual influence of the rods in the case of compact satellite packaging are analyzed. Examples of calculations of transient processes and steady-state angular satellite motion are presented.     

Inertially fixed pitch stabilization of satellites by solar radiation pressure

Utilization of solar radiation pressure to stabilize the pitch attitude of an unsymmetrical satellite along an inertially-fixed orientation is investigated. A controller employing two rotatable highly reflective control surfaces is proposed and a control strategy involving both nominal and feedback controls is synthesized. Accounting for the apparent annual motion of the Sun, the validity of the concept throughout the year is established through a stability analysis of the system. The influence of the Earth's shadow on the controller performance is also analyzed. The speed of response as well as the pointing accuracy capabilities of the system appear to be quite acceptable for long-life scientific missions.     

Satellite pitch and roll attitude maneuvers through very short tethers

Explored here is the feasibility of achieving satellite pitch and roll attitude maneuvers through tethers. The proposed tethered satellite system (TSS) comprises of four identical tethers connecting the auxiliary mass to the satellite at its four distinct off-centered and equiangularly spaced points. The open-loop tether length control laws have been developed in order to achieve arbitrary pitch and roll attitude slewing maneuvers. Numerical simulation of the nonlinear governing equations of motion for these tether length variations establishes the feasibility of executing fixed as well as chase-slewing maneuvers. Nearly passive nature of the proposed mechanism using very short tethers along with small auxiliary mass needed makes the concept particularly attractive for future space missions.     

空间太阳能电站的准对日定向姿态

针对空间太阳能电站的俯仰姿态运动，提出一种能追踪太阳运动的准对日定向(QSP)姿态方案。此方案的太阳能电池阵列在万有引力梯度力矩的作用下，始终在垂直于太阳光的方向附近作幅值约为18.8°的振动，且几乎不需要姿态控制力矩。准对日定向姿态方案解决了大型太阳能电池阵列对日定向所需的巨大俯仰姿态控制力矩问题。准对日定向姿态的发电效率为对日定向姿态的97.3%，对Abacus空间太阳能电站而言每年可节省燃料约36791 kg。通过数值方法得到了准对日定向姿态的精确初始条件。随后，设计了比例-微分控制器，保证了系统存在初始姿态误差的条件下收敛到准对日定向姿态。最后研究了轨道、姿态和结构振动对准对日定向姿态的影响，并发现准对日定向姿态下的结构振动幅值比对日定向姿态减小约40倍。     

三轴稳定遥感卫星姿控系统故障情况下的系统重构

论述三轴对地稳定遥感卫星姿控系统中部分轮子或部分陀螺故障情况下的姿控系统重构。文中论述了只在俯仰通道有一偏置动量轮正常工作，而滚动和偏航通道轮子故障条件下的系统重构。另外还论述了偏航陀螺故障，姿控系统其它部件正常情况下，控制系统采用Whecon原理与PIM控制相结合的设计。以上两种系统重构拟用于实际系统中，经过数学仿真验证，姿控系统在故障情况下能够完成基本任务。     

基于磁力矩定向阻尼特性的卫星姿态磁控制

根据磁力矩在地磁场中的定向阻尼特性，提出了磁控重力梯度和有阻尼器的非重力梯度卫星姿态控制律。给出了卫星姿态运动方程，并证明采用两种方法控制卫星姿态的稳定性。根据地磁场强度变化规律选择控制系数。理论分析和仿真结果表明，基于磁力矩定向阻尼特性的卫星姿态磁控制方法简单、精度较高。     

High-precision single-input control of relative motion in spacecraft formation

A Newton-type method is proposed to improve the accuracy of control for relative motion of two satellites in close formation. We assume that the deputy satellite is equipped with a passive attitude control system that provides one-axis stabilization, and one or two orbit control thrusters are installed along the stabilized axis. Previous studies show that it is possible to construct periodic relative trajectories both in case of passive magnetic and spin stabilization. However, the accuracy of the numerically obtained control is quite low due to modeling errors caused by linearization of the equations of relative motion. Therefore, a correction procedure is required to compensate for nonlinear effects. To this end we suggest a recently developed algorithm based on the Newton method for solving nonlinear systems with geometric constraints. Being implemented, this algorithm allows decreasing the modeling error by up to ten times. The previously found control and trajectory of the linearized system are used as initial approximations.     

Analysis of a double gimbaled reaction wheel spacecraft attitude stabilization system

Three axis attitude stabilization of a satellite using a single spinning reaction wheel mounted on a two degree-of-freedom passively and actively torqued gimbal system is investigated. The passive control is assumed to be provided by a spring-loaded damper mounted on each of the gimbal axes, while active control results from both the wheel acceleration and the torque applied about the gimbal axes. The stability of the uncontrolled and passively controlled systems is investigated analytically. For constant wheel speed the pitch motion is decoupled from the roll-yaw and gimbal motions. Control laws for the roll-yaw motion are developed based on pole clustering and linear optimal control theory. For the pitch motion control laws are obtained based on classical second order system theory. Estimation techniques are applied to the roll-yaw system for the case when the complete state may not be directly observable (in the absence of a fine yaw position sensor).     

Spin-stabilized satellite magnetic attitude control scheme without initial detumbling

The angular motion of an axisymmetrical satellite equipped with an active magnetic attitude control system is considered. The dynamics of the satellite are analytically studied on the whole control loop. The control loop is as follows: preliminary reorientation along with nutation damping, spinning about the axis of symmetry, then precise reorientation of the axis of symmetry in inertial space. Reorientation starts right after separation from the launch vehicle. Active magnetic attitude control system time-response with respect to its parameters is analyzed. It is proven that low-inclined orbit forces low control system time-response. Comparison with the common control scheme shows the time-response gain. Numerical analysis of the disturbances effect is carried out and good pointing accuracy is proved.     

过驱动航天器飞轮故障重构与姿态容错控制

针对四反作用飞轮配置的刚体航天器执行机构故障以及外部干扰等问题,提出一种姿态容错控制分配算法。该方法通过设计滑模观测器,实现在有限时间内对执行机构故障与外部干扰的精确重构;特别地,应用Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了所设计的控制器能够在有限时间内实现对闭环姿态的全局渐近稳定控制,且该控制策略可实现对反作用飞轮故障与外部干扰的鲁棒性。此外,采用计算量较小的基序最优控制分配方法快速实现了期望控制力矩到四反作用飞轮指令控制力矩分配。最后,针对某型号航天器以及各种反作用飞轮故障进行数值仿真,仿真结果表明所设计过驱动航天器飞轮故障重构与姿态容错控制方法能够在线、及时、精准地完成故障重构与控制分配。     

星载大型空间天线的一种解耦控制方法

针对星载大型空间可展开天线与卫星平台之间的动力学耦合问题提出一种三自由度驱动与测量机构用于连接天线臂与卫星平台。该机构以驱动电机来控制天线臂转动,通过角度传感器对天线臂转角的测量来实现反馈控制,同时在卫星姿态控制系统中引入前馈控制进行反作用力矩补偿,实现卫星平台与天线之间的解耦控制、抑制天线的振动、提高卫星姿态控制系统的性能。通过姿态稳定状态下卫星-天线系统解耦动力学模型的建立、控制系统的设计、姿态控制的仿真分析,表明解耦机构能大幅增加天线振动的阻尼,有效提高卫星稳定性和天线指向精度。     

重力测量卫星KBR系统相位中心在轨标定算法

针对低低跟踪(SST-LL)重力测量卫星K频段测距(KBR)系统相位中心在轨标定问题,提出了一种应用预测卡尔曼滤波算法的KBR系统在轨标定算法。首先,以磁力矩器和姿态控制喷气发动机为执行部件,对一颗卫星施加一定的组合力矩,使其绕另一颗卫星进行周期性姿态机动;然后,将星敏感器数据代入预测卡尔曼滤波算法中估计出卫星姿态;最后,根据KBR系统观测值与卫星姿态角之间的关系,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法估计出KBR系统相位中心的位置。数值仿真结果表明:KBR系统相位中心可以被实时估计,当存在较大的卫星姿态动力学模型误差时,KBR系统相位中心的标定误差仍在0.3mrad以内,证明此算法估计精度较高且鲁棒性强。     

Passive Magnetic Attitude Control System for the Munin Nanosatellite

The instrumental and applied problems related to the design of a passive magnetic attitude control system for the Munin nanosatellite are considered. The system is constructed from a strong permanent magnet and a set of hysteresis rods. These rods are made of magnetically soft material using a special technology, and they allow us to support the satellite orientation with respect to the local magnetic field vector with a given accuracy and time response. By using asymptotic and numerical methods, we investigate the satellite dynamics for different models of hysteresis. The issues concerning the arrangement of the rods and their interaction with the fields of permanent magnets mounted onboard the satellite are discussed.     

Motion of a satellite equipped with a pitch flywheel and magnetic coils in gravitational field

A satellite equipped with a magnetic attitude control system and a pitch flywheel has been considered. The system performance in the transient mode has been investigated. The characteristic exponent of the system have been approximated for a satellite on a circumpolar orbit. In the steady-state mode of gravitational attitude, small motions are considered in the vicinity of equilibrium. The attitude accuracy has been analyzed. The algorithm of an arbitrary but given attitude of the satellite in the orbital plane has been investigated. A numerical simulation has been performed.     

Nanosatellite <Emphasis Type="Italic">REFLECTOR</Emphasis>: Choice of parameters of the attitude control system

We consider methodological and applied problems of choosing parameters and developing a passive gravity-gradient attitude control system for the REFLECTOR nanosatellite. The attitude control system consists of appropriately distributed satellite mass and additional masses forming the required tensor of inertia, as well as of a set of hysteresis rods manufactured from a magnetically soft material. The combination of these elements allows one, independent of the satellite’s initial angular motion, to maintain its three-axial orientation in the orbital coordinate system with preset performance in precision and fast response. The satellite’s dynamics is investigated using asymptotic and numerical methods. The problems of arrangement of the additional masses and hysteresis rods are discussed, as well as their interaction with magnetizable elements.     

A heuristic design method for attitude stabilization of magnetic actuated satellites

In this paper a heuristic design strategy for stabilizing the satellite attitude has been proposed. It is assumed that the satellite is actuated by a set of mutually perpendicular magnetic coils. Using well-known Lyapunov direct stability method it is shown that the proposed controller causes to a global asymptotic stable system for all near polar orbits. The design procedure is based on analyzing of the conceptual effects of magnetic coils on the satellite attitude motion. Considering these effects lead to some intuitive results which determine the global stabilizing control law. The performance and robustness of the designed controller against actuators saturation and quantization error have been verified using a real-time-hardware–software in-loop (RTHSIL) simulation results. These results show that the global stability can be achieved although some disturbances and restrictions exist. This stabilizing controller can be simply combined with a linear explicit model predictive controller (EMPC) to achieve a full three-axis control law.     

Stability of motion of a space vehicle under constantly acting disturbances

The attitude stability of an Earth-orbiting satellite experiencing aerodynamic torque is studied. This is accomplished by applying the theory of total stability (or, stability under constantly acting disturbances) to the equations of motion. The satellite is gravity-gradient stabilized and a damping torque is incorporated. The aerodynamic torque results from the presence of two flat panels attached to the cylindrical body of the vehicle. This perturbing torque is treated as an additive disturbance in Euler's equations of motion. A Lyapunov function is constructed and then used in an appropriate theorem on stability under constantly acting disturbances. Explicit expressions are thereby found for bounds on a hypothetical initial condition (a rotation from the Earth-pointing equilibrium) and on the aerodynamic torque, so that if these disturbances are less than their respective bounds then the resulting attitude motion of the satellite will not exceed a pre-assigned value. These bounds depend on that pre-assigned value, and on the physical parameters of the satellite. The design implications of these bounds are then discussed.     

A heuristic design method for attitude stabilization of magnetic actuated satellites

In this paper a heuristic design strategy for stabilizing the satellite attitude has been proposed. It is assumed that the satellite is actuated by a set of mutually perpendicular magnetic coils. Using well-known Lyapunov direct stability method it is shown that the proposed controller causes to a global asymptotic stable system for all near polar orbits. The design procedure is based on analyzing of the conceptual effects of magnetic coils on the satellite attitude motion. Considering these effects lead to some intuitive results which determine the global stabilizing control law. The performance and robustness of the designed controller against actuators saturation and quantization error have been verified using a real-time-hardware–software in-loop (RTHSIL) simulation results. These results show that the global stability can be achieved although some disturbances and restrictions exist. This stabilizing controller can be simply combined with a linear explicit model predictive controller (EMPC) to achieve a full three-axis control law.     

敏捷卫星偏流角计算模型研究

TDICCD相机成像时为保证图像品质,要求对偏流角进行修正。文章针对敏捷卫星任意姿态角建立了在星下点成像、俯仰姿态机动后成像、滚动姿态机动后成像,以及滚动加俯仰姿态机动后成像几种情况下偏流角计算模型,并对模型进行了仿真计算。结果表明,敏捷卫星姿态目标计算当中,有必要考虑姿态机动带来的偏流角控制目标变化,以保证姿态控制精度。文章对敏捷卫星的偏流角控制设计、计算和测试验证工作有参考价值。