一种挠性航天器的对偶四元数姿轨耦合控制方法

为解决复杂的挠性航天器的姿轨控制问题,对于挠性航天器的姿轨耦合动力学建模与控制展开研究。基于对偶四元数原理,推导给出一套挠性航天器的姿轨一体化动力学模型。此种模型能够紧凑描述航天器的轨道和姿态,且能够自动引入航天器平动、转动与挠性附件振动三者之间的关联耦合作用。基于此模型设计了一种自适应位置姿态跟踪控制器,该控制器能够在航天器质量特性参数未知的情况下,对其位置和姿态进行轨迹跟踪控制,并使位置和姿态误差收敛。该自适应控制器还可对航天器上挠性附件对系统的耦合作用进行估计,进而在控制输出中对其进行补偿,提高卫星控制系统的稳定性。通过仿真对控制律进行校验,结果表明该控制律对挠性航天器控制效果良好,具有一定的工程应用参考价值。     

受细胞膜放电模型启发的航天器姿态鲁棒控制

研究了具有模型参数不确定和受空间环境干扰影响的挠性航天器姿态大角度快速机动快速稳定控制问题,设计了一种受细胞膜放电模型启发的鲁棒姿态控制器。综合考虑挠性航天器的强非线性和强耦合特性,设计了对模型参数和环境干扰具有鲁棒性的姿态机动控制器。为了减小机动中姿态突变激发的挠性附件振动,基于细胞膜放电的动力学模型设计了一种改进的鲁棒控制器。当参数不确定范围和干扰有界时,所提鲁棒控制器可使闭环系统的解最终一致有界。最后,分析了控制器参数对姿态控制性能及所需能量的影响。数值仿真验证了所提鲁棒控制器用于姿态机动控制可以得到良好的效果。     

Very large space structures: Non-linear control and robustness to structural uncertainties

Very Large Space Structures (VLSS) are challenging systems to be controlled, due to their high flexibility. In particular, rapid attitude maneuvers can determine great oscillations on the flexible elements of a spacecraft (solar wings, antennas, booms). On account of this, in the last decades many researchers have developed different strategies to effectively damp the elastic vibrations by means of active vibration devices (such as piezo-electric patches) or by means of robust control algorithms. The approach suggested in this paper is different, since neither additional devices nor complex control laws are introduced. In fact, the complete model of the system (including rigid, elastic and orbital dynamics, coupled with control actions) is controlled by the non-linear attitude controller named state dependent Riccati equation, which will be based on a simplified version of the spacecraft model. The task to reduce the mutual interaction between rigid attitude and flexible dynamics is entirely transferred to a modification of the desired trajectory that must be tracked. This command shaping technique is based on the knowledge of the parameters (inertial and elastics) of the VLSS. Unfortunately these parameters are not always exactly known and, however, they may change over the time. On account of this a Monte Carlo analysis has been also performed, showing the robustness of the proposed control strategy to the structural uncertainties. The numerical simulations prove that this strategy, based on the joint application of two well-known yet simple techniques, produces accurate and robust results.     

A novel single thruster control strategy for spacecraft attitude stabilization

Feasibility of achieving three axis attitude stabilization using a single thruster is explored in this paper. Torques are generated using a thruster orientation mechanism with which the thrust vector can be tilted on a two axis gimbal. A robust nonlinear control scheme is developed based on the nonlinear kinematic and dynamic equations of motion of a rigid body spacecraft in the presence of gravity gradient torque and external disturbances. The spacecraft, controlled using the proposed concept, constitutes an underactuated system (a system with fewer independent control inputs than degrees of freedom) with nonlinear dynamics. Moreover, using thruster gimbal angles as control inputs make the system non-affine (control terms appear nonlinearly in the state equation). This necessitates the control algorithms to be developed based on nonlinear control theory since linear control methods are not directly applicable. The stability conditions for the spacecraft attitude motion for robustness against uncertainties and disturbances are derived to establish the regions of asymptotic 3-axis attitude stabilization. Several numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller and validate the theoretical results. The control algorithm is shown to compensate for time-varying external disturbances including solar radiation pressure, aerodynamic forces, and magnetic disturbances; and uncertainties in the spacecraft inertia parameters. The numerical results also establish the robustness of the proposed control scheme to negate disturbances caused by orbit eccentricity.     

柔性多体卫星自抗扰控制系统的研究

设计了一种新型的姿态控制器一姿态自抗扰控制器。采用简化了的刚体动力学模型，即把柔性太阳帆板与柔性天线等的振动都看作外干扰，对象的不确定性、未建模动态与外干扰的总量都由自抗扰控制器估计出，再用该估计总量实现动态反馈补偿。该姿态控制器，只需控制输入转换矩阵的估计值，无需精确的卫星动力学模型。改变星体转动惯量或设置干扰力矩情况下的数学仿真表明，所设计的自抗扰控制器具有较小的稳态误差、较快的动态响应及对干扰有较强的抑制能力。     

All-propulsion design of the drag-free and attitude control of the European satellite GOCE

This paper concerns the drag-free and attitude control (DFAC) of the European Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite (GOCE), during the science phase. GOCE aims to determine the Earth's gravity field with high accuracy and spatial resolution, through complementary space techniques such as gravity gradiometry and precise orbit determination. Both techniques rely on accurate attitude and drag-free control, especially in the gradiometer measurement bandwidth (5–100 mHz), where non-gravitational forces must be counteracted down to micronewton, and spacecraft attitude must track the local orbital reference frame with micro-radian accuracy. DFAC aims to enable the gravity gradiometer to operate so as to determine the Earth's gravity field especially in the so-called measurement bandwidth (5–100 mHz), making use of ion and micro-thruster actuators. The DFAC unit has been designed entirely on a simplified discrete-time model (Embedded Model) derived from the fine dynamics of the spacecraft and its environment; the relevant control algorithms are implemented and tuned around the Embedded Model, which is the core of the control unit. The DFAC has been tested against uncertainties in spacecraft and environment and its code has been the preliminary model for final code development. The DFAC assumes an all-propulsion command authority, partly abandoned by the actual GOCE control system because of electric micro-propulsion not being fully developed. Since all-propulsion authority is expected to be imperative for future scientific and observation missions, design and simulated results are believed to be of interest to the space community.     

挠性航天器混合H2/H∞输出反馈姿态控制（英文）

研究一类带有挠性附件的航天器的H2/H∞输出反馈姿态控制问题,所涉及的挠性航天器由刚性本体和挠性附件构成。由于挠性附件的振动和航天器本体姿态运动的耦合,再加之振动模态难以测量,对挠性航天器的姿态控制带来困难。针对该问题提出了基于H2/H∞理论的动态输出反馈控制器设计方法。动态输出反馈在模态变量不能测量的前提下也能有效控制航天器本体姿态,而H∞控制器具有很好的抗干扰能力,能有效抑制空间环境干扰力矩和模型不确定性对控制系统稳定性的影响。和纯H∞输出反馈控制算法相比,基于H2/H∞的设计同时提高系统的动态性能。数值仿真验证了所设计的控制方法对挠性航天器具有很好的姿态控制效果。     

航天器姿态预设性能控制方法综述

针对存在不确定惯量矩阵及其它未知不确定性(如执行器故障、航天器结构发生突变等)下的航天器姿态控制问题，综述了预设性能控制及其应用的研究进展。首先阐释了预设性能控制方法的基本内涵及其关键步骤；然后分析总结了现有航天器姿态控制以及预设性能控制研究的基本概况与发展趋势；最后面向未来复杂化、智能化的空间任务对航天器控制系统提出的新需求，提出航天器预设性能控制值得研究的问题和方向。     

基于四元数反馈线性化的飞行器姿态控制方法研究

空间飞行器姿态控制系统是一个非线性多输入多输出系统,其姿控执行机构的布局及工作特性决定了姿态控制的难易程度。针对飞行器以姿控发动机作为姿控执行机构时的大角度姿态运动需求,本文采用单位四元数作为弹体姿态描述,考虑到姿控发动机布局对姿态控制的影响,直接以姿控发动机推力作为系统的控制输入,利用反馈线性化方法,将原非线性系统转化为一个六阶线性子系统和一个一阶内动态子系统。在对内动态分析的基础上,针对线性子系统设计了四元数PD反馈控制律。在转动惯量不确定性以及轨控大干扰力矩存在的情况下,对闭环控制系统进行了大角度姿态运动数字仿真。仿真结果表明,本文所设计的姿控方法能够有效地实现飞行器大角度姿态控制,并对系统参数摄动及外部干扰具有较强的鲁棒性。     

挠性飞行器姿态控制系统鲁棒稳定性分析的区间矩阵方法

本文应用区间矩阵的理论,研究三轴稳定的挠性空间飞行器姿态控制系统的鲁棒稳定性分析问题。太阳帆板的转动、燃料消耗及动量轮的转速变化引起的不确定性被描述为区间矩阵的形式,几个相应的鲁棒稳定性定理被导出,一个实际算例说明了所给方法的应用过程。     

大型挠性航天器的鲁棒模型预测姿态控制

针对大型挠性航天器的三轴姿态控制问题,考虑了控制输入约束,设计了鲁棒模型预测姿态控制器。首先,将模型预测控制应用到不考虑扰动的标称挠性航天器系统中,通过求解优化问题推导预测控制律,从而得到三轴姿态的标称轨迹。然后,为有效处理大型挠性附件振动对中心刚体姿态造成的扰动,针对带有扰动的挠性航天器实际姿态控制系统,设计由最优状态与实际系统状态的误差构成的辅助反馈控制器,使实际系统状态维持在以标称轨迹为中心的“管道”(Tube)不变集内,并驱使实际系统状态到达标称轨迹上,最终沿着标称轨迹到达平衡点。仿真结果表明,在鲁棒模型预测控制的作用下,实现了姿态角的快速精确跟踪,有效地处理了由大挠性附件振动对中心刚体姿态产生的扰动,增强了系统的鲁棒性。     

挠性飞行器的脉冲调制控制

三轴稳定控制是大挠性飞行器有效和重要的姿态控制方式，喷嘴控制是实现三轴稳定控制的手段之一。本文针对伪速率调制器（ＰＳＲＭ）和脉冲调宽调频调制器（ＰＷＰＦＭ），采用非线性脉冲调制器线性化和描述函数两种方法来分析大挠性航天飞行器的姿态稳定性问题，并对某型卫星的远地点点火姿态控制系统进行了分析和仿真。     

General background and approach to multibody dynamics for space applications

Multibody dynamics for space applications is dictated by space environment such as space-varying gravity forces, orbital and attitude perturbations, control forces if any. Several methods and formulations devoted to the modeling of flexible bodies undergoing large overall motions were developed in recent years.Most of these different formulations were aimed to face one of the main problems concerning the analysis of spacecraft dynamics namely the reduction of computer simulation time. By virtue of this, the use of symbolic manipulation, recursive formulation and parallel processing algorithms were proposed. All these approaches fall into two categories, the one based on Newton/Euler methods and the one based on Lagrangian methods; both of them have their advantages and disadvantages although in general, Newtonian approaches lend to a better understanding of the physics of problems and in particular of the magnitude of the reactions and of the corresponding structural stresses. Another important issue which must be addressed carefully in multibody space dynamics is relevant to a correct choice of kinematics variables. In fact, when dealing with flexible multibody system the resulting equations include two different types of state variables, the ones associated with large (rigid) displacements and the ones associated with elastic deformations. These two sets of variables have generally two different time scales if we think of the attitude motion of a satellite whose period of oscillation, due to the gravity gradient effects, is of the same order of magnitude as the orbital period, which is much bigger than the one associated with the structural vibration of the satellite itself. Therefore, the numerical integration of the equations of the system represents a challenging problem.This was the abstract and some of the arguments that Professor Paolo Santini intended to present for the Breakwell Lecture; unfortunately a deadly disease attacked him and shortly took him to death, leaving his work unfinished. In agreement with Astrodynamics Committee it was decided to prepare a paper based on some research activities that Paolo Santini performed during almost 50 years in the aerospace field. His researches spanned many arguments, encompassing flexible space structures, to optimization, stability analysis, thermal analysis, smart structure, etc. just to mention the ones more related to the space field (Paolo Santini was also one the pioneers of the studies of composite wing structures, aeroelasticity and unsteady aerodynamics for aeronautical applications). Following notes have been prepared by Paolo Gasbarri who was one of Paolo Santini collaborators for almost 15 years, they will attempt to offer a sketch of Professor Santini's activity by focusing on three main topics: the stability of flexible spacecrafts, the dynamics of multibody systems and the use of the smart structure technology for the space applications.     

航天器挠性附件刚柔耦合动力学建模与仿真

大型挠性航天器在进行轨道机动或姿态调整等大范围刚体运动时,将与其挠性附件的变形运动发生强烈的耦合,传统的零次近似动力学模型已不能正确揭示此时系统的动力学行为。现针对带梁式挠性附件的航天器,在计及挠性附件变形位移场耦合作用的基础上,通过Lagrange方程建立了航天器的刚柔耦合一次近似动力学模型,并利用Wilson-θ方法进行了数值仿真。仿真结果说明,在航天器经历大范围刚体运动时,该动力学模型能够正确预示挠性附件的动力学行为;挠性附件的振动频率随着大范围刚体运动速度的增加而增大,出现了动力刚化现象。     

带伸缩挠性附件航天器的自抗扰控制律设计

研究了利用自抗扰控制器设计带伸缩挠性附件航天器的姿态控制问题.根据自抗扰控制器可以动态补偿系统模型扰动的特点,针对挠性附件伸缩条件下强耦合、强非线性模型进行了控制律设计.仿真结果显示,系统具有良好的动态、稳态性能和振动抑制能力.     

大挠性多体卫星的自抗扰姿态控制系统设计

研究了最近提出的非线性自抗扰控制器 (ADRC)在大挠性多体卫星姿态控制中的应用问题。提出了一种双闭环自抗扰姿态控制器 (ADRAC) ,并从鲁棒性、干扰抑制、动静态性能指标和振动抑制等方面与使用于某挠性卫星的传统PID控制器进行了比较。在考虑了反作用轮和敏感器的实际非线性和敏感器噪声的影响情况下进行了仿真 ,结果表明 ,双闭环自抗扰姿态控制器各方面性能均优于传统的PID。本文提出的自抗扰姿态控制器 ,对实现挠性多体卫星的高精度高稳定度姿态控制 ,具有实际的应用价值     

Dual attitude and parameter estimation of passively magnetically stabilized nano satellites

The attitude determination capability of a nano satellite is limited by a lack of traditional high performance attitude sensors, a result of having small budgets for mass and power. Attitude determination can still be performed on a nano satellite with low fidelity sensors, but an accurate model of the spacecraft attitude dynamics is required. The passive magnetic stabilization systems commonly employed in nano satellites are known to introduce uncertainties in the parameters of the attitude dynamics model that cannot easily be resolved prior to launch. In this paper, a batch estimation problem is formulated that simultaneously solves for the attitude of the spacecraft and performs parameter estimation on the magnetic properties of the magnetic materials using only a measurement of the solar vector. The estimation technique is applied to data from NASA Ames Research Center's O/OREOS nano satellite and the University of Michigan's RAX-1 nano satellite, where clear differences are detected between the magnetic properties as measured before launch and those that fit the observed data. To date this is the first known on-orbit verification of the attitude dynamics model of a passively magnetically stabilized spacecraft.     

基于自抗扰技术的挠性航天器高精度指向控制

针对存在外部干扰和模型不确定性的挠性航天器,提出了一类新颖的基于自抗扰技术的控制方案,实现无姿态角速度反馈的航天器对目标高精度姿态指向控制。对目标相对姿态指向控制系统进行建模,引入一光滑连续秦函数,构造三阶扩张观测器,观测系统姿态角速度和总扰动,并利用其实现动态补偿线性化及扰动抑制。针对单框架控制力矩陀螺群作为执行机构常存在的奇异,引入零空间空转指令设计了一类奇异避免操纵律。将控制系统方案用于某挠性航天器模型,仿真结果验证了方案的有效性、合理性。     

基于直接自适应控制的挠性航天器高精度姿态控制

研究了挠性航天器高精度姿态控制问题.考虑被控对象的非线性、外部干扰以及挠性结构和惯量参数不确定性,设计了直接自适应姿态控制律.通过对经典直接自适应控制中参数自适应律的改进,进一步提高了姿态控制系统性能.该控制系统不仅考虑了挠性结构和惯量参数不确定性,同时考虑了系统非线性特性及外部干扰,且参考模型阶数小于实际被控对象阶数...     

航天器姿态的非线性鲁棒分散控制器设计

研究了具有外部干扰力矩及参数不确定性的航天器姿态控制问题。针对这类多输入-多输出的不确定非线性系统，基于一种非线性鲁棒分散控制理论，设计了结构简单而易于实现的控制器。该控制器中包含的积分环节可以补偿系统的各种未知因素，同时确保恒值调节系统不存在稳态误差。仿真结果表明：所设计的鲁棒分散控制器与非线性动态逆控制器相比，具有更优越的抗干扰能力和对模型不确定的适应能力。即使系统存在外部干扰及模型小确定性，仍可在闭环系统中实现精确的姿态控制。该控制器有效地提高了航天器姿态控制的鲁棒性和适应性。