Design and implementation of the flight dynamics system for COMS satellite mission operations

The first Korean multi-mission geostationary Earth orbit satellite, Communications, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) was launched by an Ariane 5 launch vehicle in June 26, 2010. The COMS satellite has three payloads including Ka-band communications, Geostationary Ocean Color Imager, and Meteorological Imager. Although the COMS spacecraft bus is based on the Astrium Eurostar 3000 series, it has only one solar array to the south panel because all of the imaging sensors are located on the north panel. In order to maintain the spacecraft attitude with 5 wheels and 7 thrusters, COMS should perform twice a day wheel off-loading thruster firing operations, which affect on the satellite orbit. COMS flight dynamics system provides the general on-station functions such as orbit determination, orbit prediction, event prediction, station-keeping maneuver planning, station-relocation maneuver planning, and fuel accounting. All orbit related functions in flight dynamics system consider the orbital perturbations due to wheel off-loading operations. There are some specific flight dynamics functions to operate the spacecraft bus such as wheel off-loading management, oscillator updating management, and on-station attitude reacquisition management. In this paper, the design and implementation of the COMS flight dynamics system is presented. An object oriented analysis and design methodology is applied to the flight dynamics system design. Programming language C# within Microsoft .NET framework is used for the implementation of COMS flight dynamics system on Windows based personal computer.     

一种星间相对状态估计方法

编队自主导航是实现分布式遥感系统星间协同观测的基础。为实现分布式遥感系统星间相对状态的精确确定，提出一种基于MEMS激光雷达与纳型星罗盘的星间相对状态估计方法。借助相对姿态、轨道运动学方程建立了星间相对状态的无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法，解决了MEMS激光雷达测量与参考航天器姿态耦合的问题，并利用预定入轨参数及高精度轨道外推(HPOP)对方法进行仿真校验。结果表明，该方法具有可行性和实用性，估计精度满足分布式遥感任务需求，能够较好解决中远距离星间相对状态估计问题。     

卫星地球-射频敏感器组合定姿滤波算法研究

基于卡尔曼滤波理论以及卫星定姿技术的发现状况，对卡尔曼滤波在静止轨道三轴稳定卫星红外地球敏感器和射频敏感器组合定姿中的应用作了一定的研究。建立了静止轨道三稳定卫星姿态动力学模型和红外－射频敏感器组合定姿的姿态量测模型，针对这一模型，应用推广的卡尔曼滤波进行姿态估计，并进行了计算机仿真，验证了滤波方法应用于静止轨道三轴稳定卫星红外地球敏感哭和射频敏感器组合定姿的有效性和优越性。     

Cubature Kalman filtering for relative spacecraft attitude and position estimation

A novel relative spacecraft attitude and position estimation approach based on cubature Kalman filter is derived. The integrated sensor suit comprises the gyro sensors on each spacecraft and a vision-based navigation system on the deputy spacecraft. In the traditional algorithm, an assumption that the chief?s body frame coincides with its Local Vertical Local Horizontal (LVLH) frame is made to construct the line-of-sight observations for convenience. To solve this problem, two relative quaternions that map the chief?s LVLH frame to the deputy and chief body frames are involved. The general relative equations of motion for eccentric orbits are used to describe the positional dynamics. The implementation equations for the cubature Kalman filter are derived. Simulation results indicate that the proposed filter provides more accurate estimates of relative attitude and position over than the extended Kalman filter.     

某卫星姿态角的确定和对测量部件的故障诊断

卫星三轴姿态的确定是对卫星进行姿态控制的基础,利用陀螺和红外敏感器互补的特性,并对测量所得到的数据进行处理,便可得到卫星姿态角的估计值。陀螺和红外地球敏感器是卫星姿态控制系统中关键的测量部件,两者的测量输出通过卫星运动学方程相关,有冗余关系,可以用于故障检测。本文对所设计的观测器进行了数值仿真,证实了其有效性,并直接利用所设计的观测器进行故障检测,首先得出陀螺和红外地球敏感器在各种故障下的输出残差曲线,然后分析陀螺和红外地球敏感器的不同故障对输出残差信号的不同影响,找出各种故障与不同输出残差的对应关系,从而确定发生故障的部件。     

太阳矢量在行星际探测器姿态估计中的应用研究

在基于矢量观测的行星际探测器姿态确定中,参考矢量的几何关系是影响姿态估计精度的一个重要因素。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种利用太阳矢量来提高探测器姿态估计精度的最优算法。该方法在引入太阳矢量的基础上,将星敏感器测得的姿态四元数转化为两个互相垂直的参考矢量,并根据敏感器的测量精度计算相应的规范化权值系数;结合姿态四元数估计算法,给出最小二乘意义下的探测器最优姿态估计。最后,以深度撞击任务的实际飞行数据对本文所提算法进行验证。仿真结果表明,引入太阳矢量后的三轴姿态角估计误差小于150μrad,完全满足深度撞击任务的要求。     

空间环境探测卫星用磁强计误差分析及在线标定

用于探测日地空间磁环境的磁强计多数安装在伸杆的末端,长期受太阳辐射等空间环境干扰力矩以及机动等影响,磁强计安装矩阵随时间发生较大的变化,从而导致卫星定姿精度下降。为此,在分析空间环境干扰力矩和磁强计定姿误差特性的基础上,建立了19维高精度的磁强计误差模型,结合卫星的运动学和姿态动力学特性,采用EKF滤波方法对安装矩阵进行实时估计与修正补偿,并利用该磁强计模型实现卫星的姿态确定,最后利用实验进行验证。实验结果表明,该方法能够在满足星载计算机的计算量要求的同时,在线估计安装矩阵误差,显著提高了磁强计的误差估计精度与定姿精度。     

All-propulsion design of the drag-free and attitude control of the European satellite GOCE

This paper concerns the drag-free and attitude control (DFAC) of the European Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite (GOCE), during the science phase. GOCE aims to determine the Earth's gravity field with high accuracy and spatial resolution, through complementary space techniques such as gravity gradiometry and precise orbit determination. Both techniques rely on accurate attitude and drag-free control, especially in the gradiometer measurement bandwidth (5–100 mHz), where non-gravitational forces must be counteracted down to micronewton, and spacecraft attitude must track the local orbital reference frame with micro-radian accuracy. DFAC aims to enable the gravity gradiometer to operate so as to determine the Earth's gravity field especially in the so-called measurement bandwidth (5–100 mHz), making use of ion and micro-thruster actuators. The DFAC unit has been designed entirely on a simplified discrete-time model (Embedded Model) derived from the fine dynamics of the spacecraft and its environment; the relevant control algorithms are implemented and tuned around the Embedded Model, which is the core of the control unit. The DFAC has been tested against uncertainties in spacecraft and environment and its code has been the preliminary model for final code development. The DFAC assumes an all-propulsion command authority, partly abandoned by the actual GOCE control system because of electric micro-propulsion not being fully developed. Since all-propulsion authority is expected to be imperative for future scientific and observation missions, design and simulated results are believed to be of interest to the space community.     

基于IGRF地磁场模型的航天器地磁干扰力矩数值仿真

航天器长期在轨运行期间,空间磁场与其自身磁矩相互作用的累积,会对航天器的姿态造成较大影响,加重姿态控制系统负担,降低航天器的可靠性。文章分别针对航天器轨道计算及地磁场模型的使用,对航天器地磁干扰力矩数值的仿真进行了系统的研究,最终得到航天器在轨运行时地磁干扰力矩计算仿真方法。     

含有不平衡飞轮的卫星精确动力学模型研究

针对含不平衡飞轮的卫星动力学模型,给出了不平衡飞轮的转动惯量矩阵。用多刚体建模方法,建立了综合的完整姿态动力学分析模型,提出了质心位置的计算方法。通过飞轮系统的完整精确模型,将飞轮扰动对三轴姿态稳定卫星的影响反映至滚转一俯仰一偏航三轴姿态。Matlab／Simulink环境中仿真验证了该系统角动量为常值。分析了不平衡飞轮对卫星姿态的影响,并解释了模型的应用。研究表明飞轮扰动影响不可忽略,精确的动力学模型对未来航天器的应用有重要意义。     

航天器高精度姿态敏感器冗余测量信息智能融合技术

航天器在某些姿态敏感器故障的情况下，经多种组合进行自主故障判断、故障定位及重组后融合定姿，仍能保证姿测精度，或者在稍降低定姿精度的情况下，使航天器降级工作，挽救航天器。     

应用变速控制力矩陀螺的卫星姿态机动的非线性控制

研究了以变速控制力矩陀螺(VSCMG)作为执行机构的卫星多目标快速机动的控制问题。首先建立了带有多个变速控制力矩陀螺的航天器姿态动力学模型,采用修正的罗德里格斯参数(MRP)描述姿态运动。在考虑执行机构饱和、机动速率限制、控制带宽限制等情况下,设计了基于Lyapunov理论的非线性姿态反馈控制器。针对外部干扰会使控制力矩陀螺的框架角偏移其标称值的情况,采取磁补偿控制来保持框架角在一定范围变化。以采用VSCMG为执行机构的某卫星为例进行了数值仿真,仿真结果验证了提出的非线性姿态反馈控制器的有效性,采取的磁补偿控制也很好地抑制了变速控制力矩陀螺框架角的偏移。     

星敏感器测量模型及其在卫星姿态确定系统中的应用

星敏感器是卫星高精度姿态测量的重要部件，如何正确建立其测量误差模型是影响姿态确定精度的关键因素。本文推导出星敏感器三轴姿态测量误差的方差计算公式，对测量误差的性质进行研究，揭示了在星敏感器三轴测量中，光轴测量精度劣于根据另两轴测量所确定的光轴指向精度。在此基础上提出了新的星敏感器测量模型，给出改进的姿态滤波器观测方程，减小了观测误差，由此可以进一步提高姿态确定的精度。本文方法不仅适用于通常使用的双星敏感器姿态确定系统，也可独立地应用于只带单个星敏感器的姿态确定系统。     

Spin-stabilized satellite magnetic attitude control scheme without initial detumbling

The angular motion of an axisymmetrical satellite equipped with an active magnetic attitude control system is considered. The dynamics of the satellite are analytically studied on the whole control loop. The control loop is as follows: preliminary reorientation along with nutation damping, spinning about the axis of symmetry, then precise reorientation of the axis of symmetry in inertial space. Reorientation starts right after separation from the launch vehicle. Active magnetic attitude control system time-response with respect to its parameters is analyzed. It is proven that low-inclined orbit forces low control system time-response. Comparison with the common control scheme shows the time-response gain. Numerical analysis of the disturbances effect is carried out and good pointing accuracy is proved.     

待发段火箭倾倒实时监测技术研究与实现

倾倒故障作为火箭待发段的一种故障形式，严重地威胁着航天员的安全。待发段倾倒应急救生的关键在于及时获取准确可靠的箭体姿态与倾倒信息，为指挥员实时提供可靠的逃逸判决依据。本文从应用角度，综合光学与计算机图像处理技术，提出了一种简单而实用的火箭倾倒监测技术，并简要介绍了应用此技术实现的系统主要功能结构与性能特点。本文介绍的技术也可应用于其他需要定位与姿态监视测量的领域。     

Economics of telecommunications space segments

This paper proposes a complete model for assessing the economics of telecommunications satellite systems, accounting for spacecraft development and manufacturing, launch and operations in orbit. This allows to account for such parameters as the mass and lifetime of the satellites, the number and type of payloads, the number of satellites procured and launched, the spare policy, the launch vehicle, the insurances, the satellite average MTTF and the management of the space segment efforts.

The model is divided into four parts: the spacecraft mass model, the spacecraft procurement cost model, the MTTF model and the space segment cost-effectiveness model. It provides for the rapid solution of a number of problems within a wide range of parameters such as assessing the influence on space segment economics of —certain satellite technologies, —satellite and payload mass, —number of payloads per spacecraft, —satellite lifetime, or —spare policy.     

基于联合滤波的卫星姿态确定

对由星敏感器、陀螺、太阳敏感器和磁强计构成的组合姿态确定系统,建立了卫星确定系统模型、子系统滤波方程。基于信息融合设计了改进的联合滤波,讨论了信息分配因子确定,给出了改进的系统滤波流程。仿真结果表明：改进后卫星姿态确定的算法有能效提高卫星姿态的估计精度。     

GPS/速率陀螺组合Kalman滤波姿态确定算法研究

建立了GPS／速率陀螺组合姿态估计系统的模型，研究比较了三种典型的Kalman滤波姿态确定算法：状态扩充法、量测量求差法和时变噪声估计跟踪自适应滤波算法。给出了某航天器采用GPS／速率陀螺组合姿态确定的仿真计算结果，并对结果进行了分析。结果表明，与传统Kalman滤波算法比较，时变噪声跟踪自适应滤波算法和量测量求差滤波算法能较好地消除GPS测量中相关时变噪声的影响，提高姿态确定的精度；而且时变噪声跟踪自适应滤波算法能很好地消除由于噪声统计性能的不确定性对Kalman滤波的影响，提高姿态确定系统的性能。     

航天器两自由度扫描镜图像运动补偿技术研究

研究航天器的两自由度扫描镜图像运动补偿问题。在姿态估计信息的基础上,给出了一种运动补偿算法。算法中不仅补偿了姿态估计信息,还同时考虑了姿态信息中的长周期系统误差。利用扫描镜在特定工作模式下相对惯性空间的准确定向能力和系统误差的长周期特性,给出了一种系统误差的估计和补偿算法,每隔一定的时间段对系统误差估计值进行更新并加以补偿,进一步提高了扫描精度。基于一颗地球静止轨道卫星的数值仿真结果验证了补偿算法的有效性。     

基于电火箭推进的地-月轨道转移自主导航研究

以电推进力作为奔月航天器在进入月球影响球之后的螺旋式减速转移过程的主推进力和姿态控制力,建立限制性三体力学模型.采用星光导航方式,结合UKF非线性滤波方法进行自主导航研究.推力的引入方式能有效抑制由于航天器姿态与导航误差耦合而导致的推力矢量方向误差.通过大量的计算机仿真,详细研究和分析了电推进条件下自主导航的发散问题,有针对性地给出了抑止发散的方法,为工程实现提供了有利的参考依据.