风力机叶片旋转平面内弯曲对动力学响应的影响

采用变分渐近梁截面分析方法(VABS)精确计算旋转平面内弯曲的复合材料叶片截面特性,耦合空间一维Euler-Bernoulli梁模型,分析了不同弯曲幅度对考虑弯扭耦合特性的风力机叶片动力学性能的影响。并采用非定常叶素动量理论,考虑动态入流和动态失速模型求解叶片的气动载荷,分析了叶片前掠和后掠在相同控制策略时各风速下对气动功率的影响,以及在极端阵风条件下的气动弹性响应情况。结果表明叶片弯曲对截面特性和前几阶的固有频率的影响较小,但在扭转方向具有较大影响。同时在相同控制策略下,叶片后掠会使风力机的功率降低,但能有效降低极端阵风下的载荷波动。     

弯扭掠三维叶片综合流型与流场结构优化的设计思想及应用—弯扭掠叶片设计体系与设计思想研究之二

重点研究了弯扭掠三维叶片的设计思想与应用,讨论了弯、扭、掠之间和弯、扭、掠与回转面之间互相匹配的原则。透平级的气动设计是多参数、多流型的综合优化的过程,在三维叶片设计中,必须认真研究弯。扭、掠、转与回转面之间的关系,认真研究流场结构的优化。讨论了l/b比较小的跨声速高压燃气涡轮静叶采用弯掠的匹配的规律,并介绍了扭掠叶片的设计体系与设计思想的应用。     

前后掠风扇叶片颤振特性对比分析

采用基于能量法的流固耦合数值预测方法对比研究了模态、叶间相位角对前后掠风扇转子叶片气动弹性稳定性的影响.结果表明:对于两种掠形叶片,在所研究的前3阶振动模态下,前掠叶片对应于弯扭耦合振型的气动模态阻尼比最大,其数值为0.801%,而后掠叶片对应于弯扭耦合振型的气动模态阻尼比最小,其数值为0.248%;叶间相位角对两种掠形叶片气动模态阻尼比都有显著影响,在1阶振动模态相同叶间相位角(节径)下,前掠叶片前行波对应的气动模态阻尼比小于逆行波对应的气动模态阻尼比,而后掠叶片与此相反;1阶振动模态所有叶间相位角下,前掠叶片比后掠叶片气弹稳定性更好.      

基于积叠线设计的弯掠叶片静强度优化方法

将叶片积叠方式作为结构设计的自变量,实现弯掠叶片的参数化建模,为适应优化设计的迭代要求,发展了一种能够自动更新的叶片有限元结构化网格模化方法。基于Voronoi图的自然邻点插值法,编制了高稳定性的气动载荷插值程序,可高效地完成流场分析结果向结构静强度分析中气动载荷的自动转换。引入子模型的思想对叶根边界条件进行等效处理,采用遗传算法建立基于叶片积叠线设计的自动优化方法,用以解决弯掠叶片静强度问题。通过高负荷弯掠叶片的工程实例应用,验证了优化方法的可行性和有效性,相对于初始设计,积叠线设计可以有效地改善叶片应力分布,应力幅值下降8.9%,使其满足静强度设计要求。     

桨扇模型的气动性能和气动声学的实验研究

概述了具有不同安装角的直叶片、前掠叶片、后掠叶片等3种桨扇模型在起飞状态下出口流场的气动性能和气动声学实验结果及其相互间的对比。主要结论为:良好的气动设计不仅是提高气动性能的要求, 而且也是改善桨扇气动声学性能的有效途径;有掠度的叶片具有降噪的潜力;桨扇叶尖区采用卸荷设计有利于降噪及提高效率。      

具有弯扭掠叶片流场结构分析能力的燃气涡轮三维设计体系——弯扭掠叶片设计体系与设计思想研究之一

通过将结构分析与优化引申到气动设计中,建立了具有弯、扭、掠叶片流场结构分析能力的燃气涡轮气动设计体系,并将这一体系进一步划分为四个子体系。介绍了各子体系的构成与功能,并在流场结构分析与优化子体系中给出了流场结构三个层次的分析框架。     

机翼掠角对前掠翼布局气动性能影响的流动机理

采用N-S方程和SST模型数值模拟方法,对比了前掠翼和后掠翼飞机气动性能的差异,对不同前掠角前掠翼布局的飞机纵向气动性能进行了比较,分析了其流动特性,总结了前掠角对前掠翼布局气动性能的影响.研究结果表明,前掠翼与后掠翼气动性能差异的根源是展向速度的不同;小迎角(α<16°)时,前掠角较小的模型气动效率较高,升力系数和升阻比也较大;大迎角(α>16°)时,随着前掠角的增大,前缘涡和侧缘涡增强,对翼面流动产生有利控制,因而前掠角大的模型升力系数较大.该研究可为前掠翼布局的设计提供理论依据.     

叶型厚度参数与压气机转子叶片颤振关联性研究

采用计算流体力学与结构动力学相结合的方法,数值模拟了大负荷弯掠扭组合叶片非定常粘性流场;通过对叶片表面非定常气动力及其所做非定常气动功的计算分析,采用能量法对叶片颤振与否进行预估判断。在气动设计满足设计要求的基础上,小范围调整大负荷弯掠扭组合叶片的最大厚度分布和最大厚度相对位置分布,并分别进行颤振预估计算。结果表明,最大厚度分布和最大厚度相对位置分布对颤振影响明显。在最大厚度相对位置分布相同的情况下,均匀减薄叶片,会使一阶动频减小,积累功率增大,颤振发生的可能性增大。研究结果对叶轮机颤振机理研究具有一定的参考意义。     

飞机外翼段大尺度剪切式变后掠设计与分析

飞机大尺度全局变形过程中存在诸多需要研究的基础问题,为此构建了研究平台并开展了实验研究。基于飞行器机翼"旋转变后掠"与"剪切变后掠"的气动特性计算结果,设计了气动特性相对较优的飞机外翼段大尺度剪切式变后掠方式;研制了基于可控变形结构与连续变形规律的实验模型;进行了风洞实验研究。结果表明:本文研制的剪切式变后掠飞机在蒙皮、结构、驱动、控制等方面满足气动特性研究的需求;其准定常气动特性曲线显示出变后掠的较大气动效益;其非定常气动特性曲线呈现出滞回环,原因可能在于"机翼附加速度效应"和"流场结构迟滞效应"。     

叶轮机叶片的三维造型及其对叶片气动负荷的影响

研究叶轮机叶片的弯扭及掠形等因素对叶片气动负荷分布的影响。给出了一个针对叶轮机内部流动的一般的掠角定义。基于线化的小扰动理论,用解析方法对叶片三维造型各因素的位势影响进行了分析,并用三维粘性数值模拟进行了验证和分析。分析结果表明,叶轮机叶片的弯扭和前缘掠形对叶片的负荷分布有重要的调节作用。合理利用三维造型的负荷调整功能可有效地调整负荷沿展向和弦向的分布,为叶型设计提供新的自由度。      

扭曲尾翼飞行器滚转特性

为满足飞行器速度与转速匹配的要求,提出一种对斜置平板尾翼改进得到的扭曲尾翼.根据扭曲尾翼为飞行器提供滚转力矩的特性,在斜置平板尾翼模型的基础上,引入扭曲率与平均攻角来表示扭曲尾翼的几何特征,基于修正型的叶素理论建立四自由度刚体方程描述飞行器运动规律,并与数值仿真方法求解的平衡转速进行对比.计算结果表明:增大扭曲尾翼平均攻角、增加扭曲尾翼的扭曲率、减小翼展长度均能提高飞行器的转速,增加扭曲尾翼的根梢比对飞行器的平衡转速提升不大;在扭曲尾翼平均攻角不变的条件下,飞行器的平衡转速与扭曲率成线性关系.      

考虑弯扭变形的叶片模型配准方法

叶片测量数据与其CAD模型的配准定位是叶片几何形状分析的关键步骤。针对涡轮叶片的弯扭变形对叶片模型配准定位的不利影响,提出一种考虑弯扭变形的叶片模型配准方法,以提高叶片模型配准的可靠性与鲁棒性。在迭代最近点算法的目标函数中引入预变换函数,建立考虑弯扭变形的叶片模型配准目标函数。对叶片模型做切片化处理,进行弯扭变形分析生成叶片弯扭变形曲线,使用叶片弯扭变形曲线指导叶片测量数据配准。使用仿真生成带弯扭变形的叶片数据与通过坐标测量机获取的叶片实测数据对配准方法进行了验证。结果表明,所讨论方法能提高模型配准的可靠性,避免弯扭变形可能导致的叶片模型配准失败。     

Adaptive Blade Twist – calculations and experimental results

Applying adaptronics to helicopters has a high potential to significantly suppress noise, reduce vibration, and increase the overall aerodynamic efficiency. This paper presents recent investigations on a very promising specific concept described as Adaptive Blade Twist (ABT). This concept allows us to directly control the twist of the helicopter blades by smart adaptive elements. This influences positively the main rotor area which is the primary source for helicopter noise and vibration. Since the interaction of non-stationary helicopter aerodynamics and elastomechanical structural characteristics of the helicopter blades causes flight envelope limitations, vibration and noise, a good comprehension of the aerodynamics is essential for the development of structural solutions to effectively influence the local airflow conditions and finally develop the structural concept. With respect to these considerations, the ABT concept will be presented.This concept is based on the actively controlled tension-torsion-coupling of the structure. For this, an actuator is integrated within a helicopter blade that is made of an anisotropic material based on fiber composites. Driving the actuator results in a local twist of the blade tip in such a way that the blade can be considered as a torsional actuator. Influencing the blade twist distribution finally results in a higher aerodynamic efficiency.The paper starts at giving a review on conventional concepts and potential adaptive solutions for shape control. After, some calculations of the adaptive twist control concept are presented. These are based on a representative model in which the active part of the rotor blade is simplified with a thin-walled rectangular beam, that is structurally equivalent to a model rotor blade of the Bo105 with a scaling factor 2.54. The calculations are performed using an expanded Wlassow theory. The results are valid for static and dynamic conditions. For the dynamic condition excessive deformations near the blade resonance frequency shall be utilised. Therefore, the actuated blade section has to be properly designed for this precondition. This has been demonstrated and verified in experiments, which will not be discussed in this paper.For experimental investigations on the ABT concept the skin of the outer part of the model rotor blade was manufactured of fibre composite material using the above mentioned tension-torsion-coupling effect with an additional uncoupling layer between skin and spar. The experimental results have shown that near to the resonance frequency dynamic forces of 550±550 N are required for a deformation of ± 3 degrees at the blade tip.     

Aerodynamic investigation of twist angle variation based on wing smarting for a flying wing

In this paper, the effects of twist angle variation on aerodynamic coefficients and flow field on the wing with wing smarting approach are studied using numerical simulation. The simulation was performed using incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations based on the two-equation k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulent model for flow speed 30 m/s and a Reynolds number of 69000. Investigations have been carried out for several twist angles and at a specific range of angles of attack. The twist applied is the type of geometric twist (wash-out), which is linearly distributed along the span. The test case is a lambda-shaped tailless aircraft with a wing fracture on the trailing edge, and a sweep angle 56°. The results show that with increasing twist angle, the aerodynamic efficiency improves over a wide range of angles of attack, but at 0° angle of attack it will decrease significantly. By increasing the angle of attack, the effect of twist on the flow field and aerodynamic coefficients will gradually decrease; hence, at a certain amount of angle of attack, the effect of twist will stop, that angle is called the neutral brink angle. Longitudinal stability analysis shows that by growing the twist angle, the conditions required for longitudinal stability are satisfied, and the pitch-up phenomenon will be delayed.     

旋翼变体技术对直升机性能的提升

为研究旋翼变体技术对直升机性能的提升作用,先建立旋翼模型,然后耦合机体模型,从而建立直升机需用功率计算模型.主要对比了几种不同旋翼变体技术,包括旋翼变直径、旋翼变转速、桨叶变弦长和桨叶变负扭转角在不同飞行状态时对直升机需用功率的影响.前飞速度为130km/h时,10%旋翼转速减小、10%旋翼直径减小、10%桨叶弦长减小和桨叶负扭转角由-12°变为-6°时,需用功率分别降低了15.7%,14.6%,5.8%和3.1%;前飞速度为250km/h时,10%旋翼转速减小和10%旋翼直径减小可分别降低14.5%和23.9%需用功率.结果表明,旋翼变转速明显优于桨叶变弦长和桨叶变负扭转角所取得的性能提升,高速前飞时旋翼变直径降低的需用功率大于旋翼变转速技术.      

基于时间步进自由尾迹的旋翼总距突增气动响应分析

自由尾迹的桨叶气动模型中,考虑了由于桨叶预扭导致尾随涡不在同一个平面对控制点诱导速度的影响,翼型气动模型采用Leishman-Beddoes非定常气动模型,并推导得到操纵下的桨叶挥舞运动方程。采用二阶精度时间步进格式,耦合桨叶气动模型、挥舞运动方程,构建时间步进自由尾迹算法。而后计算旋翼尾迹在操纵条件下的变化历程,得到旋翼的气动响应。通过计算结果与实验数据的对比,验证方法的可行性,并分析操纵速率、预扭对气动响应的影响。     

Influence of blade negative twist on aerodynamic performance of cycloidal propeller

In order to improve the analysis accuracy of the influence of shape parameters on the aerodynamic performance of cycloidal propeller, a set of CFD methods suitable for the simulation of the cycloidal propeller flow field based on the dynamic overset mesh and Unsteady Reynolds time average method equation were established. The characteristics of the spanwise lift distribution and surface pressure distribution in case of different negative twist were provided. The influence of the negative twist on the aerodynamic performance of cycloidal propeller was emphasized. The results showed that, the change of negative twist caused the change of azimuth for cycloidal propeller lift. The larger the absolute value of negative twist, the lower the figure of merit of the cycloidal propeller; the smaller the negative twist, the more gentle the instantaneous aerodynamic fluctuation; the influence mechanism of negative twist on the aerodynamic performance of cycloidal propeller was generated from changing the non-uniform distribution of the cycloidal propeller''s effective angle of     

旋翼几何参数对共轴双旋翼悬停性能的影响

为研究旋翼几何参数对共轴双旋翼悬停性能的影响,建立了基于自由尾迹法和2阶升力线法的共轴双旋翼气动模型,分别计算和分析了共轴双旋翼的旋翼翼型、上下旋翼半径之比、上下旋翼间距、桨叶扭转角以及桨叶尖削比等参数对共轴双旋翼悬停性能的影响,最后基于分析结果综合优化了悬停状态下各旋翼的几何参数.结果表明:旋翼翼型、上下旋翼间距、桨叶扭转角以及桨叶尖削比对共轴双旋翼悬停性能有一定的影响,上下旋翼间距对其影响较小,综合优化旋翼在拉力系数为0.01时与基准旋翼相比,扭矩系数降低10.5%,悬停效率提高9.5%.     

可差动扭转扑翼飞行器的设计和风洞试验研究

常规的仿鸟扑翼飞行器在飞行时机翼只是单纯地上下扑动。为提高扑翼飞行器横航向和航迹控制的品质,设计了一种机翼在扑动的同时可差动扭转的仿鸟扑翼飞行器;在低速风洞中对其进行了一系列测力试验,研究了可差动扭转扑翼飞行器的升力、推力特性,以及机翼差动扭转角、扑动频率、风速、机翼柔性对滚转力矩系数的影响;对设计的扑翼飞行器做了飞行试验,验证了设计的可行性,并与常规扑翼飞行器作了对比,试验结果表明：可差动扭转扑翼可以用于扑翼飞行器的横向控制,并且可以提高其抗风能力和航迹控制精度。     

闭式叶盘叶身加工切触点规划算法研究与实现

在对闭式整体叶盘叶身造型方法分析的基础上,提出基于叶片防扭曲高质量造型的等误差切触点规划算法,详细描述了算法中边界参数点确定、切削行参数划分、走刀步长确定和型值点网格化四个步骤,给出了该算法在UGCAD系统中的实现及工程应用实例。