弹性变形对前掠翼气动特性的影响分析

针对弹性变形对前掠翼气动特性的影响,基于改进的CFD/CSD松耦合静气动弹性数值计算方法,在高亚声速条件下,对前掠角χ=10°,20°,30°的前掠翼纵向气动特性和副翼操纵效率进行了计算和分析。结果表明,迎角较小时,弹性翼的升力、升阻比和俯仰力矩较刚性翼大,大迎角时恰恰相反;随着前掠角的增加,机翼的弯扭变形和气动参数变化的程度愈加剧烈;在最大升阻比、迎角α=4°、副翼偏转角δ=20°时,弹性翼的副翼操纵效率略大于刚性翼。该研究可为前掠翼布局的设计提供借鉴。     

Delaying stall of morphing wing by periodic trailing-edge deflection

Morphing wings can improve aircraft performance during different flight phases. Recently research has focused on steady aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible trailing-edge, and the unsteady aerodynamic and stall characteristics in the deflection process of the morphing wing are worthy further investigation. The effects of the angle of attack and deflection rate on aerodynamic characteristics were examined, and based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing, a method was developed to delay stall by using the flexible periodic trailing-edge deflection. The numerical results show that the lift coefficients in the deflection process are smaller than those in the static situation at small angles of attack, and that the higher the deflection rate is, the smaller the lift coefficients will be. On the contrary, at large angles of attack, the lift coefficients are higher than those in the static case, and they become larger with the increase of the deflection rate. Further, the periodic deflection of the flexible trailing-edge with a small deflection amplitude and high deflection rate can increase lift coefficients at the critical stall angle.     

不同攻角条件下偏转头弹箭流场与气动特性

基于DES（detached eddy simulation,分离涡模拟）方法及AUSM（advection upstream splitting method,对流迎风分裂方法）格式,对不同偏角的偏转头弹箭在非零攻角下的超声速流场和气动特性进行了数值模拟.结果表明:在非零攻角情况下,与常规弹箭流场相比,偏转头弹箭头部迎风面激波更强;而当有效入射角相等时,即使弹箭的攻角不一样,其头部流场结构仍相同,且尾翼流场基本不受头部偏角影响.另外,由气动力系数变化曲线可知,偏转头弹箭具有良好的纵向静稳定性,且升力系数随攻角的增长率大于阻力系数,即升阻比大于常规弹箭,因此适当增大攻角可以提高偏转头弹箭的气动特性.      

三角翼大迎角风洞试验支架干扰数值模拟研究

现代战争要求战斗机能够在大迎角（AOA）状态下进行过失速飞行,对飞机大迎角绕流流场的研究主要的方法有风洞试验和数值模拟。在大迎角风洞试验中,常用的是尾支撑方法,支架的存在会对模型的试验结果产生一定的影响,本文通过数值模拟来对这个影响进行研究。以开源计算流体力学软件OpenFOAM 2.3为平台,采用PIMPLE算法求解Navier-Stokes（N-S）方程,PIMPLE算法是SIMPLE（Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-linked Equations）算法和PISO（Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operator）算法的结合体;采用基于有限体积的空间离散方法和空间二阶精度的线性插值方法,时间离散采用后向差分方法,湍流模型采用SA-DDES（Spalart-Allmaras-Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation）模型。为了验证方法的可靠性,首先对0°、10°、30°、50°、70°以及90°迎角下的有支架三角翼绕流流场进行计算,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比,两者吻合较好。在此基础上,数值模拟了无支架的三角翼绕流流场,对比有/无支架情况下数值模拟结果,得到支架对三角翼绕流流场、背风面压强分布和气动力的影响。计算结果表明：大迎角情况下,有支架与无支架时相比,支架的存在会影响三角翼附近的流场（但是不会改变涡系等流动结构）、改变翼表面压强分布,从而导致三角翼的法向力系数和俯仰力矩系数发生明显变化。     

毫秒脉冲等离子体激励改善飞翼的气动性能实验

在来流速度为30m/s时,进行了毫秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体激励改善飞翼气动性能的风洞实验.等离子体激励器布置在飞翼前缘,峰峰值电压为9.5kV时,放电的脉冲能量在0.1mJ/cm量级.通过六分量测力天平测力研究了脉冲激励频率和占空比对升/阻力系数、升阻比和俯仰力矩系数的作用效果.结果表明:等离子体激励可以有效改善飞翼大攻角气动特性;在最佳无量纲脉冲激励频率F+≈1时,临界失速迎角由14°提高到17°,最大升力系数提高10%;占空比对流动控制效果影响较大,减小占空比可以降低能耗,实验中最佳占空比为5%;俯仰力矩系数的变化表明施加等离子体激励改善了飞翼纵向静稳定性.      

带升力风扇飞翼布局开口机翼气动特性研究

为获得带升力风扇飞翼布局飞机因开口对机翼气动特性的影响规律,对平飞状态下开口机翼的气动特性进行三维气动仿真,分析升力系数、阻力系数和力矩系数随来流速度和迎角变化的特性.结果表明:随着来流速度增大,阻力和力矩呈上升趋势;来流速度一定时,随着迎角加大,升力系数增大,阻力系数先减小后增大;随着迎角增大,力矩系数先减小后增大再减小,且一直产生低头力矩.     

大后掠翼前缘涡对其颤振特性的影响

大迎角三角翼的前缘涡不仅可以改善其气动力特性,也会显著影响机翼的气动弹性特性。运用基于Euler方程的非定常气动力降阶模型（ROM）方法,耦合结构运动方程,在状态空间内建立了气动弹性分析模型,研究了70°削尖三角翼的大迎角颤振特性。研究结果显示前缘涡对该机翼颤振特性的影响不可忽略。颤振速度随迎角的增加而大幅降低,迎角α=20°时的颤振速度比α=0°时降低了22％。发现了颤振特性随迎角变化时出现的不连续现象,并揭示了该现象是由于系统颤振分支随着静态迎角的增加发生转移所致。     

Continuous morphing trailing-edge wing concept based on multi-stable nanomaterial

Morphing technology is one of the most effective methods to improve the flight efficiency of aircraft. Traditional control surfaces based morphing method is mature and widely used on current civil and military aircraft, but insufficiently effective for the entire flight envelope. Recent research on morphing wing still faces the challenge that the skin material for morphing should be both deformable and stiff. In this study, a continuous morphing trailing-edge wing with a new multi-stable nano skin material fabricated using surface mechanical attrition treatment technology was proposed and designed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to study the aerodynamic performance of the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing. Results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of deflection angle and so does the lift-drag ratio at a small angle of attack. More importantly, compared with the wing using flaps, the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing can reduce drag during the morphing process and its overall aerodynamic performance is improved at a large angle of attack range. Flow field analysis reveals that the continuous morphing method can delay flow separation in some situations.     

双后掠鸭翼气动特性的数值模拟

首先针对具有中等前缘后掠角梯形鸭翼的缺点提出双后掠鸭翼概念,然后分别对安装梯形鸭翼和双后掠鸭翼的近距耦合鸭式布局的气动性能进行数值模拟研究,分析影响双后掠鸭翼气动性能的流动机理。研究表明：在大迎角时,对于双后掠鸭翼,具有较大前缘后掠角的外翼段可以使鸭翼涡在涡核破裂后仍能形成稳定集中涡并保持较高的强度,增加鸭翼本身的失速迎角,并通过诱导作用改善机翼外翼段流场,进而提高全机大迎角性能,但在小迎角时会破坏鸭翼附着流或前缘气泡涡的发展,造成略微的升力损失。拥有较大失速迎角的双后掠鸭翼在小迎角时具有较大的可用偏度,可以增强布局的抬头控制能力。双后掠鸭翼在满足隐身约束的前提下,超声速阻力较小,具有较好的超声速性能。     

巡飞器无舵偏情况下的气动数值分析

采用SSTk-ω二方程湍流模型,通过解耦求解雷诺平均N-S方程实现对巡飞器无舵偏情况下湍流流场的数值模拟。对巡飞器低雷诺数绕流流场进行了计算,分析了其在无舵偏情况下气动特性随迎角、侧滑角的变化情况。仿真结果表明,巡飞器采用充气式机翼后,具有很好的失速性能与较好的大迎角稳定性。     

低雷诺数下机翼气动特性研究及控制

高空长航时无人飞行器(HALE UAV)由于飞行环境空气稀薄、雷诺数低导致其气动性能恶化,如何通过流动控制改善机翼低雷诺数气动性能受到越来越多的关注。在低速风洞中通过测力、测压和边界层测试等试验技术开展了NACA 633-421直机翼模型气动特性试验和流动控制研究。天平测力结果表明:随雷诺数降低(Re<1.4×10⁵)机翼气动特性迅速恶化;最大升力系数损失严重,失速迎角急剧降低;分析翼面压力分布结果显示,机翼表面产生层流分离泡(LSB),其长度变化、位置前移和最终发生破裂的发展过程是导致机翼低雷诺数气动性能恶化的主要原因。采用合成微射流(Micro-SJ)对翼面层流分离泡进行流动控制,失速迎角推迟了11°,机翼最大升力系数由0.59提升至1.10,最大升阻比增加了13.6%。合成微射流控制具有选频特性,驱动频率f=200~400 Hz的合成微射流控制效果最佳,更易促进分离剪切层提前转捩,形成湍流再附,使得层流分离泡长度缩短。     

进排气对尾吊短舱布局飞机气动特性影响研究

在尾吊短舱式布局飞机设计中,发动机进排气对其他部件的气动影响是需要关注的重要问题,为了全面研究发动机进气与喷流对全机气动特性的影响,在某尾吊舱短舱布局飞机巡航条件下(H=11 000m、Ma=0.78)对流场开展了数值仿真研究,重点分析了短舱通气模型与带进排气模型的全机升阻力特性及流场分布情况。计算结果表明:采用近距尾吊短舱布局的飞机,发动机进排气对全机气动特性的影响主要体现在短舱与机翼的气动干扰方面,在所研究的迎角范围内(-2°～8°),发动机进气所带来的抽吸作用改变了机翼及短舱表面的压力分布,使得机翼上表面的负压区面积增大、短舱上唇口激波强度减弱,导致全机升力系数增加、阻力系数减小、升阻比提高,但这一气动特性的改善趋势随着迎角的增大而逐渐减缓。     

翼型湿空气非平衡凝结流动的数值研究

 湿空气非平衡凝结会对机翼的气动特性造成显著影响。通过对Fluent软件进行二次开发,发展了一种求解湿空气非平衡凝结流动的数值方法并进行了验证。对NACA0012翼型在迎角为0°和1.5°时的湿空气非平衡凝结流动进行了分析。结果表明：与干空气流动相比,在30％～70％相对湿度范围内,湿空气非平衡凝结流动中升力系数显著降低,而阻力系数则可能增加或减小;0°迎角条件下,压差阻力系数最大增加了68.3％;在迎角为1.5°时,升力系数最大减小39.8％,而压差阻力系数最大减小了34.8％。造成翼型气动特性显著变化的原因在于：湿空气中水蒸气凝结放热对跨声速气流加热,导致翼型表面附近的流速、压力与流场结构发生了显著变化。     

等离子体气动激励抑制机翼失速分离的实验

进行了等离子体气动激励抑制机翼失速分离的风洞实验,研究了等离子体气动激励频率、电压、占空比和激励位置等对流动控制效果的影响.研究表明:在来流速度35m/s时,等离子体气动激励可以有效地抑制机翼大攻角下吸力面的流动分离,将机翼临界失速迎角由17°提高到19°;施加激励后,机翼最大升力系数提高了9.45%,阻力系数减小20.9%;激励频率在200Hz时,控制效果最好,对应的量纲一激励频率为1;迎角越大,流动分离越严重,需要更大的激励电压才能够有效抑制流动分离;最佳激励位置在流动分离起始点的前缘;在流动控制效果相当时,减小占空比可以降低能耗.      

基于升华法的后掠翼混合层流控制研究

在低湍流度风洞中针对45°后掠角NACA64A-204翼型模型,采用升华流动显示技术研究不同吸气量和不同迎角状态下混合层流控制（HLFC）对转捩位置的影响。结合热线方法测量流向速度研究扰动增长的机制。实验结果表明：萘升华流动显示技术适合用来研究HLFC方法对后掠翼转捩的影响,可以直观和准确地表示后掠翼上的转捩位置;在无吸气的情况下,随着迎角从-6°到2°增大,层流区长度先增大后减小;HLFC方法可以显著推迟由横流不稳定触发的转捩;在同一迎角下增加吸气量,可以更有效地减小主要扰动波的能量。     

钝前缘三角翼无人机气动特性研究

三角翼布局因其优良的气动特性在军用飞机和无人机上获得了广泛应用.为了研究钝前缘三角翼无人机的气动特性,首先采用求解雷诺平均N-S方程的方法对NASA钝前缘三角翼标模进行对比计算,以验证计算方法的可靠度;然后对无人机四个升降舵偏角的气动力和流场特性进行分析研究.结果表明:三角翼无人机在升力系数较小时具有较高的升阻比,当迎角小于1 5°时,钝前缘三角翼前缘气流附体、吸力较高,翼面的横向流动不明显,使飞机的升阻比提高;当迎角大于15°后,涡流特征起主导作用,使得飞机在直到40°迎角范围内没有出现大面积气流分离,具有良好的俯仰稳定性,升降舵效率较高.钝前缘三角翼气动布局在翼展受限、翼载较小的条件下具有一定的气动特性优势.     

小展弦比飞翼大迎角状态空间气动力建模

现代军机大迎角区域性能对空中作战优势的建立有着重要影响,针对大迎角区域建立合适的数学模型对于飞行仿真、稳定性分析和控制律设计都有着重要作用,并且对于解决飞行安全问题和研究飞机失速和尾旋问题具有重要意义。针对小展弦比飞翼标模的迟滞特性,对状态空间模型进行改进,应用大振幅强迫振荡试验数据建立了非定常气动力模型,采用风洞典型机动模拟试验验证状态空间模型的有效性和适用性。结果表明：本文发展并改进的状态空间模型能够准确预测小展弦比飞翼标模不同机动下的非定常气动力特性,具有较强的工程实用性。     

Supersonic flow over a pitching delta wing using surface pressure measurements and numerical simulations

Experimental and numerical methods were applied to investigating high subsonic and supersonic flows over a 60° swept delta wing in fixed state and pitching oscillation.Static pressure coefficient distributions over the wing leeward surface and the hysteresis loops of pressure coefficient versus angle of attack at the sensor locations were obtained by wind tunnel tests.Similar results were obtained by numerical simulations which agreed well with the experiments.Flow structure around the wing was also demonstrated by the numerical simulation.Effects of Mach number and angle of attack on pressure distribution curves in static tests were investigated.Effects of various oscillation parameters including Mach number, mean angle of attack, pitching amplitude and frequency on hysteresis loops were investigated in dynamic tests and the associated physical mechanisms were discussed.Vortex breakdown phenomenon over the wing was identified at high angles of attack using the pressure coefficient curves and hysteresis loops, and its effects on the flow features were discussed.     

A compliant polymorphing wing for small UAVs

This paper presents the development of a novel compliant polymorphing wing capable of chord and camber morphing for small UAVs. The morphing wing can achieve up to 10% chord extension and ±20° camber changes. The design, modeling, sizing, manufacturing and mechanical testing of the wing are detailed. The polymorphing wing consists of one continuous front spar fixed to the fuselage and a rear spar on each side of the wing. Each rear spar can translate in the chordwise direction (chord morphing) and rotate around itself (camber morphing). A flexible elastomeric latex sheet is used as the skin to cover the wing and maintain its aerodynamic shape whilst allowing morphing. The loads from the skin are transferred to the spars using the compliant cellular ribs that support the flexible skin and facilitate morphing. Pre-tensioning is applied to the skin to minimize wrinkling when subject to aerodynamic and actuation loads. A rack and pinion actuation system, powered by stepper motors, is used for morphing. Aero-structural design, analysis and sizing are conducted. Performance comparison between the polymorphing wing and the baseline wing (non-morphing) shows that chord morphing improves aerodynamic efficiency at low angles of attack while camber morphing improves efficiency at high angles of attack.     

新型无尾联接翼布局气动特性研究

提出一种上下错开的无尾联接翼,即前翼或者后翼上反一定角度,使得前后翼垂直方向的相对距离从翼根处开始到翼梢处逐渐增大,以达到减小前后翼气动干扰的目的,搭接的小翼具有翼梢小翼作用,可有效减小诱导阻力。采用基于RANS方程的数值方法,研究了前后翼分别上反10°,20°和30°时对总体气动特性的影响,结果表明,当前翼上反且上反角为30°时其联接翼系统气动性能最佳。对该联接翼布局在Ma=0.85,0.95和1.20下进行了数值分析,结果表明,其升力系数变化较小,阻力系数在Ma0.85后才急剧增大,有应用于未来跨声速/超声速客机布局的潜力。