LM-11——The Main Force in China's Small Launch Vehicles for Commercial Launch

The Long March 11 launch vehicle(LM-11) is the only solid launch vehicle within China's new-generation launch vehicle series, enabling a full spectrum of Chinese launch vehicles. Compared with other China's LM series launch vehicles, it has the shortest launch preparation time. With the characteristics of appropriate launch capability, quick response, easy-to-use, flexible operation, universal interface and strong task adaptability, LM-11 can better meet the launch requirements for various small networking satellite, replacement and for emergency use. After four successful launches, LM-11 has become the main Chinese launch vehicle oriented to the international small satellite commercial launch market.     

Maiden Flight of Long March 7——The New Generation Medium Launch Vehicle in China

On June 25, 2016, the Long March 7(LM-7) launch vehicle completed its maiden flight successfully. LM-7, as a new generation of medium and basic launch vehicle based on the design concepts of non-toxic and nonpolluting, was developed for the purpose of launching a cargo spacecraft to the Chinese space station. Based on the experience on launching cargo spacecraft and satellites, LM-7 can be adapted for mainstream satellite launch missions in the future with its characteristics of serialization and continuous optimization. LM-7 is expected to be used to launch manned spacecraft in the future. This paper presents a general review of LM-7 with regard to the general scheme and provides references for the development prospects of a medium launch vehicle series in China.     

Technology Improvement for the High Reliability LM-2F Launch Vehicle

The Long March 2 F(LM-2F) launch vehicle, the only launch vehicle designed for manned space flight in China, successfully launched the Tiangong 2 space laboratory and the Shenzhou 11 manned spaceship into orbits in 2016 respectively. In this study, it introduces the technological improvements for enhancing the reliability of the LM-2F launch vehicle in the aspects of general technology, control system, manufacture and ground support system. The LM-2F launch vehicle will continue to provide more contributions to the Chinese Space Station Project with its high reliability and 100% success rate.     

捷龙一号首飞（英文）

The Smart Dragon 1(SD-1) launch vehicle is the first commercial rocket developed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology(CALT), targeting to the international launch market for small satellites. As the smallest launch vehicle in China at present, SD-1 is one of the most efficient solid boost rockets nationwide in terms of launch capacity. Compared with current domestic rockets, it provides remarkable access to space with a faster response, higher orbit-injection accuracy and better payload accommodation at a lower cost. On August 17, 2019, SD-1 completed its maiden flight and delivered three satellites into the desired Sun Synchronous Orbit(SSO) of 550 km accurately. In this article, a technical review of SD-1 is presented detailing the design concept and the use of state of the art technology throughout its development.     

Technical Feature Analysis of the LM-5 Overall Plan

The Long March 5(LM-5) launch vehicle is China's new generation heavy-lift rocket with the largest payload capacity,representing the highest standard of China's current launchers.It took 10 years to develop the LM-5 launch vehicle.On November 3,2016,the LM-5 carrier rocket blasted off from the Wenchang satellite launch center on Hainan Island,achieving a successful maiden flight.During the development of the LM-5 rocket,the engineering team accumulated abundant experience on developing heavy-lift cryogenic rockets and established a thorough research and development system for new generation launch vehicles,which significantly raised the ability for launcher RD.     

China’s Global Space-based TT&C Network System Established

The Tianlian 1-03 satellite, the third geosynchronous data relay satellite of China, was successfully launched into space on a LM-3C launch vehicle from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center at 23:43 Beijing time on July 25. Twenty-six minutes after the liftoff, the satellite separated     

Innovation and Outlook of the New Generation of Cryogenic and Quick-Launch Launch Vehicle

This paper introduces a launch vehicle scheme for the new generation of cryogenic and quick-launch launch vehicle(LM-6). The main technical innovations of LM-6 launch vehicle include the capability of twenty satellites launched by one vehicle, high-pressure staged combustion cycle engine and oxygen tank self-pressurization, sandwich bulkhead tank with 200 K temperature difference, and 7-day quick-launch using the "three horizontals" test and launch mode with integral transportation and erection. The future development of the quick-launch launch vehicle is predicted based upon the need for vehicle mission coverage improvement, better response speed, and stronger market competiveness.     

长征三号甲系列运载火箭高适应性发展——从总体与导航制导控制的视角

从总体与导航制导控制的视角,对长征三号甲系列运载火箭发展与成就进行了分析和小结。长征三号甲系列运载火箭,在长征三号运载火箭解决我国发射高轨道卫星有无问题的基础上,历经基本能力、适应能力、高适应能力的发展,具备了高轨道大型卫星运载能力,突破了从单一轨道面到三维空间各种轨道发射、从高轨卫星转移轨道到工作轨道发射、从地球轨道到地月轨道发射以及从航天技术试验到高可靠工程应用发射等关键技术,使我国运载火箭整体能力取得了地球全轨道发射、星际轨道发射等跨越发展。航天重大工程和国际商业发射表明,该系列运载火箭已进入世界高轨道航天器发射的运载火箭前列,并奠定了进一步开拓发展的基础。     

China Will Launch A Spanish Lunar Rover

China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC) and Barcelona Galactic Suite Moon Race S.L (GSMR) signed a launch contract in Paris to launch a Spanish lunar rover with a LM-2C launch vehicle. According to the contract, CGWIC will provide the launch service for the lunar rover developed by the Barcelona moon     

典型海上热发射动力学效应及影响因素分析

考虑海上发射环境特殊性,分析了发射船承受的典型海浪以及风环境,针对陆基发射时运载火箭直接坐落在发射台上的裸箭热发射方式,分析了该支撑形式在海上动态环境下的射前稳定性,获得海上裸箭热发射方式的承受晃动极限。为解决陆基热发射支撑方式不满足三级海况发射稳定性的问题,提出运载火箭的框架式扶稳措施,通过框架内的柔性支撑保证运载火箭的射前稳定性。构建由火箭、等效甲板、导向框架、导轨、柔性支撑、发射台等组成的发射系统动力学仿真模型,开展复杂海况条件下的发射动力学分析,获得了框架式热发射方式在典型海况条件下,不同因素对火箭出框过程飞行姿态、安全间隙等影响规律,可为运载火箭框架式热发射的海上动基座发射动力学安全性评估提供技术支撑,并用于框架式热发射方式的海上动基座环境适应性的综合评价。     

CZ-4A运载火箭姿态控制系统设计与飞行试验

本文介绍长征四号A(CZ-4A)运载火箭姿态控制系统,内容包括: a 姿态控制系统方案和组成; b 数字控制系统设计采用的数学方法; c 数字自动驾驶仪的设计; d 箭上计算机调零; e 姿态控制伺服系统; f 首发CZ-4A运载火箭控制系统飞行结果。在CZ-4A运载火箭姿态控制系统方案中,数字式自动驾驶仪,双向摇摆发动机伺服系统和计算机调零方案均是国内首次使用,由于这些新技术的采用,使CZ-4A控制系统具有高的精度,大的适应能力,是大型运载火箭姿态控制系统中较好的方案。     

Nonlinear Rolling Control Technology of Liquid Launch Vehicle Based on Single Engine

New program was proposed in LM-6 rolling control technology that using high-pressure staged combustion gas.Launch vehicle rolling control by just one engine was realized.Under the limit of the rolling control moment of the launch vehicle,a new attitude dynamic model is established.Interference source and how to reduce the effect was analyzed,and method of designing a pre-compensated robust controller was proposed.Simulation and flight results showed that the attitude dynamic model established and the pre-compensation robust controller proposed in this paper could solve the key problems with a strong coupling attitude controller,and realize high quality and high reliability control in wind areas,and improve the capability of the launch vehicle.     

14th and 15th BeiDou Satellites Launched into Orbit

The 14th and 15th satellites for BeiDou (COMPASS) Navigation Satellite System were launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center (XSLC) by a LM-3B GI carrier rocket. While the 16th BeiDou satellite is in space within 2012, a regional network will be     

北斗专列—CZ 3A系列火箭发展回顾和未来展望

CZ-3A系列运载火箭承担了北斗工程，包括北斗一号、北斗二号和北斗三号的全部发射任务，被称为“北斗专列”。在北斗工程历时26年的研制过程中，CZ-3A系列火箭突破了一系列关键技术，使火箭具备了从地球同步转移轨道(GTO)到倾斜同步转移轨道(IGTO)、中圆转移轨道(MTO)，从一箭一星发射至转移轨道，到一箭双星发射至转移轨道，再到一箭双星直接发射入轨的发射能力，实现了跨越发展。满足了北斗工程的发射任务需求，北斗工程共计44箭、59星，CZ-3A系列火箭发射均获得了圆满成功，成功率达到了100%。     

搭建地月鹊桥的嫦娥四号中继星（英文）

The far side of the moon is a unique place for some scientific investigations. Chang'e 4 is a Chinese lunar far side landing exploration mission. Relay communication satellite, named as Queqiao, is an important and innovative part of Chang'e 4 mission. It can provide relay communication to the lander and the rover operating on the lunar far side to maintain their contacts with Earth. It was launched by LM-4 C launch vehicle at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center on May 21, 2018. After five precise orbit controls and a journey of more than 20 days, Queqiao inserted into final halo mission orbit around Earth-moon libration point 2, located about 65,000 km beyond the moon. It is the world's first communication satellite operating in that orbit. Up to now, Queqiao worked very well and provided reliable, continuous communication relay service for the lander and the rover to ensure the mission success of Chang'e 4 exploration mission. Via Queqiao, the lander and the rover were controlled to work by ground stations and obtained a great amount of scientific data. The mission overview, operation orbit selection, relay communication system design and flight profile were introduced in this article.     

我国航天运输系统60年发展回顾

航天运输系统包括一次性运载火箭、重复使用运载器、轨道转移运载器3个领域,目前一次性运载火箭仍是我国满足进入空间需求的主体。我国运载火箭起步于20世纪60年代,经过半个世纪的发展,共研制了17种运载火箭、9种上面级,具备发射低、中、高不同轨道和不同有效载荷的能力。对我国航天运输系统60年发展历程和主要成就与不足进行了总结。     

The Reliable and Intelligent Propulsion Pressurization System of the Long March 7 Launch Vehicle

The reliable and intelligent propulsion pressurization system is one of the key technologies of new Chinese generation launch vehicles; a high reliability design is an important guarantee for the success of launching. This paper analyzes the domestic and overseas liquid launch vehicles in the area of propulsion pressurization systems, based on comprehensive analysis, demonstrating the reliable and intelligent propulsion pressurization system of the Long March 7(Simplified as LM-7) has been raised. By applying a full chain redundancy design, setting proper pressure control bandwidth and control mode reconstruction under extreme fault conditions, the reliability and adaptability of the propulsion pressurization system has enhanced significantly. In addition, the complete system has been verified by the first two flights of LM-7.     

长征四号乙／丙运载火箭多星发射技术现状与展望

介绍了长征四号乙／丙（CZ-4B／4C）运载火箭的多星发射技术。给出了整流罩Ф900mm的一箭双星、一箭三星的发射统计与串联发射构型、正在研制的更大包络的双星发射构型,以及并联发射构型。介绍了CZ-4B／4C运载火箭后续多星发射和搭载发射的构型、连接解锁装置和分离程序。     

中国空间技术成就斐然——纪念东方红1号卫星发射成功30周年

从1970年至1999年,中国已用长征系列运载火箭进行了68次航天发射,累计发射了84颗人造地球卫星(其中国产卫星52颗、国外卫星32颗)和1艘无人状态的试验飞船,发射成功率约85％。现今,中国对空间技术体系的认识已得到深化,中国的航天器进入太空技术已位居世界前列,中国的航天信息应用技术已取得显著效益。     

VEGA, a small launch vehicle

Several studies have been performed in Europe aiming to promote the full development of a small launch vehicle to put into orbit one ton class spacecrafts. But during the last ten years, the european workforce was mainly oriented towards the qualification of the heavy class ARIANE 5 launch vehicle.Then, due also to lack of visibility on this reduced segment of market, when comparing with the geosatcom market, no proposal was sufficiently attractive to get from the potentially interrested authorities a clear go-ahead, i.e. a financial committment.

The situation is now rapidly evolving. Several european states, among them ITALY and FRANCE, are now convinced of the necessity of the availability of such a transportation system, an important argument to promote small missions, using small satellites. Application market will be mainly scientific experiments and earth observation; some telecommunications applications may be also envisaged such as placement of little LEO constellation satellites, or replacement after failure of big LEO constellation satellites.

FIAT AVIO and AEROSPATIALE have proposed to their national agencies the development of such a small launch vehicle, named VEGA.

The paper presents the story of the industrial proposal, and the present status of the project: Mission spectrum, technical definition, launch service and performance, target development plan and target recurring costs, as well as the industrial organisation for development, procurement, marketing and operations.