Multi-Sphere Method for modeling spacecraft electrostatic forces and torques

The use of electrostatic (Coulomb) actuation for formation flying is attractive because non-renewable fuel reserves are not depleted and plume impingement issues are avoided. Prior analytical electrostatic force models used for Coulomb formations assume spherical spacecraft shapes, which include mutual capacitance and induced effects. However, this framework does not capture any orientation-dependent forces or torques on generic spacecraft geometries encountered during very close operations and docking scenarios. The Multi-Sphere Method (MSM) uses a collection of finite spheres to represent a complex shape and analytically approximate the Coulomb interaction with other charged bodies. Finite element analysis software is used as a truth model to determine the optimal sphere locations and radii. The model is robust to varying system parameters such as prescribed voltages and external shape size. Using the MSM, faster-than-realtime electrostatic simulation of six degree of freedom relative spacecraft motion is feasible, which is crucial for the development of robust relative position and orientation control algorithms in local space situational awareness applications. To demonstrate this ability, the rotation of a cylindrical craft in deep space is simulated, while charge control from a neighboring spacecraft is used to de-spin the object. Using a 1 m diameter craft separated by 10 m from a 3 by 1 m cylindrical craft in deep space, a 2 °/s initial rotation rate can be removed from the cylinder within 3 days, using electric potentials up to 30 kV.     

基于终端滑模的卫星编队飞行有限时间控制

针对考虑参考星机动的编队飞行相对位置控制问题,给出了一种基于终端滑模的有限时间控制方法. 基于编队卫星相对运动动力学模型,设计了有限时间终端滑模控制器,同时证明了该控制器作用下系统状态误差可在有限时间内收敛. 以编队构型重构和考虑参考星机动时的构型保持控制为例,利用本文控制方法进行了仿真分析. 仿真结果表明,基于终端滑模的有限时间控制方法相比于传统的线性滑模控制方法,在保证编队飞行控制高精度的同时,有效提升了误差的收敛速度,验证了该方法的有效性和优越性.      

Finite-time relative orbit-attitude tracking control for multi-spacecraft with collision avoidance and changing network topologies

This paper addresses the relative position tracking and attitude synchronization control problem for spacecraft formation flying (SFF). Based on the derived relative coupled six-degree-of-freedom dynamics, a robust adaptive finite-time fast terminal sliding mode controller is proposed to achieve the desired formation in the presence of model uncertainties and external disturbances. It is shown that the designed controller is effective for changing information exchange topology making it robust to node failure. Then, the artificial potential function method is employed to generate collision avoidance schemes to modify the controller such that inter-agent collision avoidance can be ensured during the formation maneuver, which is critical for practical missions. The stability of the overall closed-loop system is proved by using Lyapunov theory. Finally, numerical examples for a given SFF scenario are presented to illustrate the performance of the controller.     

Energy-optimal reconfiguration of satellite formation flying in the presence of uncertainties

In this study, a two-step control methodology is developed for energy-optimal reconfiguration of satellites in formation in the presence of uncertainties or external disturbances. First, based on a linear deterministic system model, an optimal control law is analytically determined such that a satellite maneuvers from an initial state to a final state relative to another satellite. The structure of this optimal solution is predetermined and simply given by a linear combination of the fundamental matrix solutions associated with the original equations of relative motion. Only the coefficients are to be determined to satisfy given initial and final conditions. In the second step, an uncertain nonlinear formation system is considered and a robust adaptive controller is designed to compensate for the effects of uncertainties or disturbances that the formation system may encounter. Although the control strategy is inspired by sliding mode control, it produces smooth control signals, thereby avoiding chattering. Also, an adaptation law is added such that the uncertainty or disturbance effects are effectively and quickly eliminated without a priori information about them. The combination of these two controllers guarantees that the satellite accurately tracks the optimal path in the unknown environment. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed two-step control methodology, in which a satellite formation is optimally reconfigured under unknown environmental disturbances.     

Neural network-based sliding mode control for atmospheric-actuated spacecraft formation using switching strategy

This paper presents an adaptive neural networks-based control method for spacecraft formation with coupled translational and rotational dynamics using only aerodynamic forces. It is assumed that each spacecraft is equipped with several large flat plates. A coupled orbit-attitude dynamic model is considered based on the specific configuration of atmospheric-based actuators. For this model, a neural network-based adaptive sliding mode controller is implemented, accounting for system uncertainties and external perturbations. To avoid invalidation of the neural networks destroying stability of the system, a switching control strategy is proposed which combines an adaptive neural networks controller dominating in its active region and an adaptive sliding mode controller outside the neural active region. An optimal process is developed to determine the control commands for the plates system. The stability of the closed-loop system is proved by a Lyapunov-based method. Comparative results through numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness of executing attitude control while maintaining the relative motion, and higher control accuracy can be achieved by using the proposed neural-based switching control scheme than using only adaptive sliding mode controller.     

Spacecraft formation flying control around L2 sun-earth libration point using on–off SDRE approach

In this paper, on–off SDRE control approach is presented for spacecraft formation flying control around sun-earth L2 libration point. Orbits around libration points are significant targets for many space missions mainly because of efficient fuel consumption. Furthermore, less propellant usage can be achieved by considering optimal control approaches in spacecraft formation flying control design. Among various nonlinear and optimal control methods, SDRE has shown to be a popular controller in various missions due to the privileges including efficiency, accuracy and robustness. The spacecraft are assumed to have on–off thrusters as actuators. It requires them to be fed with a sequence of on–off pulses which is regarded as a challenge for spacecraft designers. Hence, the main contribution of this paper is designing an on–off SDRE approach for the formation flight around sun-earth L2 point with uncertainty with energy and accuracy considerations. Including on–off input as a constraint is not feasible for SDRE implementation because it makes the system non-affine. An alternative is utilizing an integral action technique and an auxiliary control to make the system affine which leads to on–off SDRE approach. It has also been shown that the proposed method is robust against parametric uncertainties of the states. Present study aims to design an energy-beneficial, simple and attractive controller for a complex nonlinear system with on–off inputs and uncertainty in CRTBP. Simulation results show that the on–off SDRE control could provide the formation flight around L2 point with high accuracy using less energy consumption.     

地球静止轨道混合推进三星库仑编队队形保持控制研究

研究了地球静止轨道处混合推进三星库仑编队队形保持控制问题.首先考虑未知有界相对摄动影响，建立了地球静止轨道处混合推进三星库仑编队动力学方程.然后基于相对运动解析解，设计了投影圆轨道旋转编队构型.最后采用滑模控制方法，设计了控制器并证明其稳定性，用饱和函数对控制器进行了改进，消除了抖振的影响.通过控制编队内部静电力和补充电推力实现对预设队形的保持.仿真结果表明，混合推进方案响应速度快，控制精度高，达到了控制要求.     

一类不确定分数阶混沌系统的滑模自适应同步

基于滑模自适应控制理论、Lyapunov稳定性理论和分数阶线性系统稳定性理论,在考虑系统存在模型不确定和外部扰动的情况下,选用一种具有较强鲁棒性的分数阶滑模曲面,设计了合适的自适应滑模控制器。所设计的控制器能够将系统状态控制到滑模面上,实现两个不确定分数阶混沌系统的同步,且不需事先知道不确定项上界。该控制器结构简单,控制代价小,具有较好的通用性,对未知扰动具有较强的鲁棒性。数值仿真验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

EHA反馈线性化最优滑模面双模糊滑模控制

为提高电静液作动器（EHA）控制性能,提出了一种反馈线性化最优滑模面的双模糊滑模控制方法。该方法在EHA的非线性模型上,利用反馈线性化方法将其线性化,在此基础上建立线性切换函数,并采用最优控制理论对切换函数进行设计。为削弱抖振将模糊控制算法引入滑模控制中,采用一个模糊控制器,根据最优滑模函数运动特性的数值对切换控制增益进行估计;采用另一个模糊控制器,根据滑模控制原理对切换控制项进行调整。仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。      

基于双环滑模控制的直/气复合控制系统设计

直/气复合控制导弹具有强干扰、强非线性以及强耦合等特点，传统的姿态控制器难以适用于该种复杂干扰并存的情况，文章提出了基于双环滑模控制的直/气复合控制器。首先采用有限时间收敛趋近律分别构造内外环滑模控制器，并将角速度回路的滑模变量量化为直接力指令，以解决空气舵与姿控发动机之间的耦合问题。接着使用非线性扩张状态观测器估计综合干扰，从而设计控制器补偿侧向喷流干扰及模型不确定性等综合干扰的影响。然后基于李雅普诺夫方法证明了控制系统闭环稳定，分析了干扰补偿对控制器收敛域的影响。最后仿真结果表明，该方法跟踪速度快，动态过程平稳，具有较强的干扰抑制能力，具有很强的鲁棒性。     

卫星编队飞行有限时间控制方法

针对卫星编队飞行相对位置控制问题,提出了一种有限时间控制方法.首先,建立了编队卫星相对运动的非线性动力学方程.其次,设计了有限时间快速收敛的滑模面,提出了一种有限时间控制方法,该方法能保证闭环控制系统的全局稳定性和快速收敛性,并给出了理论证明.最后,将提出的方法应用于卫星编队飞行维持控制.仿真结果表明该方法在收敛时间和控制精度方面均优于传统线性滑模控制和终端滑模控制.     

高超声速滑翔飞行器的分散鲁棒姿态控制

根据高超声速滑翔飞行器的任务和特点,并考虑一阶执行器动态,建立了面向控制系统设计的飞行器姿态模型.针对模型的结构,结合分散控制和滑模变结构控制的思想设计了再入飞行段的分散鲁棒姿态控制器:采用Tornambe控制方法进行了分散鲁棒滑模面的设计,使得系统能够克服耦合及非匹配不确定性的影响实现性能优良的滑模运动;采用改进的时间次优控制方法实现了二阶滑模变结构控制律的设计,通过在线估计等效控制削弱了抖振.为验证控制器的设计,在Simulink中以某概念高超声速滑翔飞行器为对象,进行了分散鲁棒姿态控制系统和制导系统的联合仿真,仿真结果表明在存在大不确定性的情况下,可以实现对制导指令的鲁棒稳定跟踪.     

Active vibration suppression for flexible satellites using a novel component synthesis method

This paper is devoted to developing a closed-loop vibration suppression controller for a satellite with large flexible appendages based on component synthesis vibration suppression (CSVS) method. The dynamics model of a flexible satellite is firstly established by using the Newton–Euler methodology, and the dynamics model of the flywheel is also developed. A novel CSVS method is presented based on zero-vibration differentiator (ZVD), which can guarantee multi-order vibration suppression. Combined with the proposed CSVS method, traditional closed-loop controllers such as PD or sliding mode controllers can be applied to active vibration suppression. The stability of the proposed closed-loop CSVS controller is proved by the Lyapunov theory. Subsequently, the dynamic optimal control allocation algorithm is proposed for six flywheels, and a novel nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode controller is developed to obtain practical voltage control input for the flywheel drive control system. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Stacked recurrent neural network based high precision pointing coupled control of the spacecraft and telescopes

In some space missions especially in the field of space gravitational wave detection, the telescope needs to point to a certain target through attitude movement and pointing control. In several mainstream gravitational wave detection missions, the detector usually consists of a cluster of three identical satellites, flying in a quasi-equilateral triangular formation with a big edge length, so every satellite needs two telescopes to point each other and constitute three giant Michelson-Type interferometers. Therefore, a satellite platform system with two telescopes is researched in this paper. This research helps to characterize the attitude motion of a telescope for space astronomical observation or space gravitational wave detection, provides new method on the telescope’s high-precision pointing control. For this purpose, we derive a satellite-telescope coupling attitude model, design the sliding mode controller for satellite and the stacked recurrent neural network adaptive controller for telescope. In the stacked recurrent neural network adaptive controller design, a sliding mode control technology is adopted. In addition, we propose a combinatorial optimization method for network weights in the stacked recurrent neural network training process, that is, the output layer is corrected by the adaptive law, and the correction of other layers adopt the error backpropagation method. Finally, a numerical simulation method verifies the effectiveness of the controller design.     

Optimal spacecraft formation establishment and reconfiguration propelled by the geomagnetic Lorentz force

The Lorentz force acting on an electrostatically charged spacecraft as it moves through the planetary magnetic field could be utilized as propellantless electromagnetic propulsion for orbital maneuvering, such as spacecraft formation establishment and formation reconfiguration. By assuming that the Earth’s magnetic field could be modeled as a tilted dipole located at the center of Earth that corotates with Earth, a dynamical model that describes the relative orbital motion of Lorentz spacecraft is developed. Based on the proposed dynamical model, the energy-optimal open-loop trajectories of control inputs, namely, the required specific charges of Lorentz spacecraft, for Lorentz-propelled spacecraft formation establishment or reconfiguration problems with both fixed and free final conditions constraints are derived via Gauss pseudospectral method. The effect of the magnetic dipole tilt angle on the optimal control inputs and the relative transfer trajectories for formation establishment or reconfiguration is also investigated by comparisons with the results derived from a nontilted dipole model. Furthermore, a closed-loop integral sliding mode controller is designed to guarantee the trajectory tracking in the presence of external disturbances and modeling errors. The stability of the closed-loop system is proved by a Lyapunov-based approach. Numerical simulations are presented to verify the validity of the proposed open-loop control methods and demonstrate the performance of the closed-loop controller. Also, the results indicate the dipole tilt angle should be considered when designing control strategies for Lorentz-propelled spacecraft formation establishment or reconfiguration.     

基于预设性能控制的超紧密航天器编队防避撞协同控制

研究了考虑具有外界干扰和防避撞约束的近地轨道超紧密航天器构型控制问题,将反步控制技术、预设性能控制相结合,提出了一种基于预设性能鲁棒控制的六自由度编队协同鲁棒控制方法。首先,给出了近地轨道完整的编队航天器相对位置和相对姿态非线性动力学方程,并根据状态约束条件转换了相对位置动力学模型。其次,设计了预设性能函数,通过误差转换,建立系统等效误差模型,基于反步法设计了预设性能鲁棒控制器,进一步应用Lyapunov稳定性定理证明了其闭环系统的一致最终有界性。最后在MATLAB/Simulink平台上进行了仿真验证,结果表明了方法的有效性。     

电液飞行转台的分数阶积分滑模非线性控制

电液飞行转台是飞控系统半实物仿真测试的关键设备,它是在实验室条件下复现飞行器运动姿态的高精尖试验设备,具有重大经济价值和国防战略意义.为提高该设备的动态跟踪精度,提出一种基于分数阶积分滑模的非线性鲁棒控制策略.在积分滑模控制器中引入分数阶算子,能更有效地提升系统瞬态响应,并能提供更多的控制自由度.同时基于 Lyapunov 分析方法证明了该控制器在存在参数不确定、强外干扰力矩和未知非线性摩擦特性等情况下仍能保证系统的全局渐近稳定性.以某型电液飞行转台外框阀控马达为例,针对多种运动工况进行仿真分析,结果表明该方法能有效提高系统的瞬态性能和鲁棒能力.     

基于改进滑模自抗扰结构的永磁同步电机伺服控制

针对传统PID控制参数适应性差、响应慢等缺点,采用自抗扰控制算法与永磁同步电机一阶速度环模型相结合,设计了基于自抗扰的速度环数学模型,并在仿真软件验证了该算法对系统鲁棒性的提升。之后,针对自抗扰算法待整定参数多,参数没有明确物理意义的问题,采用了改进的滑模自抗扰控制器,使用新型滑模趋近律代替了传统最优控制函数,改善滑模趋近运动。通过建模和仿真实验,验证了改进的滑模自抗扰结构可以缩短系统进入稳态的时间,减小系统在平衡状态下转速和转矩的抖振幅度,改善了系统动态性能和控制精度。     

基于终端滑模控制的四旋翼无人机编队控制

本文以四旋翼无人机为研究对象,基于终端滑模控制技术,实现了四旋翼无人机系统的编队飞行控制。在构建四旋翼无人机数学模型的基础上,为每架四旋翼无人机设计了广义误差状态,基于广义误差状态提出编队控制目标。为实现编队控制目标,设计了基于终端滑模控制的编队控制器,最终所有四旋翼无人机的广义误差状态收敛到零时即实现期望的编队队形,进一步结合有限时间稳定性理论给出了上述编队控制器有限时间稳定性证明。最后用一个仿真实例验证了所提出算法的有效性,并将本文提出的控制器与基于线性滑模控制的控制器进行对比,实验证明所提出的控制算法具有更好的编队控制效果。     

柔性空间机械臂系统的模糊滑模神经网络控制及柔性振动主动抑制

研究了参数不确定漂浮基柔性空间机械臂关节空间的轨迹跟踪及柔性振动主动控制问题.运用虚拟力概念,生成能同时反映柔性振动和刚性运动的虚拟期望轨迹,设计了一种自适应非奇异Terminal滑模控制器来跟踪该虚拟期望轨迹,以实现载体姿态及关节稳定跟踪运动轨迹并对所产生的柔性振动进行主动抑制的控制目标.所设计的控制器结合了Terminal滑模控制快速收敛性,模糊小波神经网络优良的函数逼近特性及鲁棒技术处理逼近误差的优势,利用自适应算法在线自适应调节模糊小波神经网络的所有网络权值和参数,使控制器具有很强的鲁棒性.仿真实验证明了所提控制方案的有效性.