一种基于双目视觉的卫星相对位姿测量方法

卫星位姿测量技术是与航天飞行器相关的空间操控活动中一项核心的支撑技术.考虑到太空环境中光源单一，且卫星表面一般为反光材质，提出了一种基于双目视觉的卫星相对位姿测量方法.在卫星面板标志点可见时，本文方法利用卫星对接环外环和卫星面板标志点测量卫星相对位姿.在卫星距离对接目标较近，无法观测到卫星面板标志点时，本文方法利用ORB特征点匹配测量位姿.为了增强鲁棒性，本方法还利用光流追踪法和卡尔曼滤波器优化位姿测量的结果.仿真实验结果表明，本方法能够在光源单一背景下对任意种类的卫星在对接过程中进行准确的位姿测量.     

Using consecutive point clouds for pose and motion estimation of tumbling non-cooperative target

This paper proposes a consecutive point clouds-based estimation scheme to resolve the state estimation problem for tumbling non-cooperative space target during the rendezvous phase without a prior knowledge about its structure. First, a consistent pose estimation algorithm is realized by maintaining a global structure of the target that is reconstructed upon the pose graph optimization. Then an extend Kalman filter on Lie group is adopted to estimate the motion and inertia parameters of the target using the pose measurements of the point clouds. Finally, a semi-physical experimental study is carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimation scheme. The result shows that the structure, motion and the inertia parameters can be estimated, and the total computation time is approximately linear with the number of point clouds.     

Prospects of using a permanent magnetic end effector to despin and detumble an uncooperative target

Space debris, such as defunct satellites and upper stages of rockets, becomes an uncooperative target after losing its attitude control and communication ability. In addition, tumbling motion can occur due to environmental perturbations and residual angular momentum prior to the object’s end-of-mission. To minimize the collision risk during docking and capturing of the tumbling target, a non-contact method based on the eddy current effect is put forward to transmit the control torque to the tumbling target. The main idea is to induce a controllable torque on the conducting surface of the tumbling target using a rotational magnetic field generated by a Halbach rotor. The radial and axial Halbach rotors are used to damp the spinning and nutation motions of the target, respectively. The normal and tangential force are evaluated concerning the relative pose between the chaser and the target. A simplified dynamic model of the nutation damping and despinning processes is developed and the influences of the asymmetrical principal moments of inertia and transverse angular velocity are discussed. The numerical simulation results show that the designed Halbach rotor stabilized the target attitude within an acceptable time. The electromagnetic nutation damping and despinning method provides new solutions for the development of on-orbit capture technology.     

导航卫星的地面站定轨算法

导航星座轨道的长期保持是星座导航系统运营管理的重要组成部分,而现有的导航卫星地面定轨算法又存在精度不高或计算量大不适合工程应用的问题。为此,研究了单向、被动测量模式的导航卫星地面定轨算法。基于单向伪距观测,将导航卫星钟差参数作为状态量,推导了滤波算法的状态方程、测量方程,并最终建立了滤波器模型。以不同轨道面的4颗GPS导航卫星为例进行了2天的仿真试验,考虑卫星的可见性仿真中加入了测量中断,并设计在测量恢复后重启滤波算法。仿真结果表明,4颗卫星的轨道位置估计精度可以达到米级,钟差随机偏差的估计精度可以达到纳秒级,并且在滤波中断后重启滤波器,仍然可以达到此估计精度,表明此定轨算法具有收敛性和稳定性。     

基于视线测量和轨道预报高轨非合作目标相对导航方法

对于非合作目标,由于中远距离星上相对测量手段有限,大多情况仅能获得视线角信息.仅视线测量相对导航方法在GEO轨道条件下滤波精度低、可观测性差.提出一种基于星间视线方位测量和轨道预报信息结合的非合作目标相对导航方法.建立基于星间相对运动模型的状态方程和基于星间视线测量和轨道预报信息的观测方程,分别选取了扩展卡尔曼滤波和无迹卡尔曼滤波两种方法,仿真分析了轨道预报信息精度和滤波方法对导航精度的影响.     

基于单目视觉的非合作目标相对位姿测量

为实现对空间姿态翻滚航天器的在轨服务与维护以及对空间碎片的清理，需对其进行精确的相对位姿测量。针对相对位姿测量问题，提出了基于单目视觉与卡尔曼滤波的相对位姿测量方法。通过对特征点匹配算法进行调查，采用了具有尺度不变性与旋转不变性的尺度不变特征变换算法(SIFT)和加速稳健特征算法(SURF)的特征点提取方法，并对二者进行了对比，得到了二者分别适用的工况条件。通过对Kalman滤波算法进行研究，引入了相机偏置矩阵，设计了Kalman滤波器，解决了单目相机的距离模糊问题，估计得到了非合作目标的相对位姿、主惯量比以及特征点位置信息。经过仿真，姿态角度估计误差在稳定后低于0.3°，相对位置估计误差在稳定后低于0.5m，相较于真值，误差小于1.67%，主惯量比估计误差在稳定后低于0.01，特征点位置误差在稳定后低于0.005m。在引入相机偏置条件后，滤波状态变量均收敛，并得到具有足够精度的估计，成功解决了单目相机深度信息缺失问题。     

Motion-planning and pose-tracking based rendezvous and docking with a tumbling target

Rendezvous and docking (RVD) with a tumbling target is challenging. In this paper, a novel control scheme based on motion planning and pose (position and attitude) tracking is proposed to solve the pose control of a chaser docking with a tumbling target in the phase of close range rendezvous. Firstly, the current desired motion of the chaser is planned according to the motion of the target. In planning the desired motion, the “approach path constraint” is considered to avoid collisions between the chaser and the target, and the “field-of-view constraint” is considered to make sure the vision sensors on the chaser to obtain tight relative pose knowledge of the target with respect to the chaser. Then, the difference between the chaser’s motion and the desired motion is gradually reduced by a pose tracking controller. This controller is based on the non-singular terminal sliding mode (NTSM) method to make the tracking error converge to zero in finite time. Since the chaser nearly moves along the desired motion and the motion is reasonable, (1) it could safely arrive at the docking port of the target with a suitable relative attitude, (2) it will be always suitably oriented to observe the target well, and (3) the magnitude of the needed control inputs are less than that in existing literatures. The numerical results demonstrate the above three advantages of the proposed method.     

Energy efficient reactionless design of multi-arm space robot for a cooperative handshake maneuver

Space robots play a significant role in on-orbit capture, space structure construction, and assembly tasks. Since the robotic arms are attached to a free-floating satellite, the motion of the manipulator in such tasks and the satellite are coupled. Multiple-arm space robots can perform complex cooperative tasks and are superior to single-arm space robots. Current work proposes a reactionless manipulation algorithm for a multi-robotic arm based on the iterative Newton–Euler method for space robots with many task and balance arms. The present work demonstrates two tasks and one balance arm to perform a reactionless handshake maneuver in space. This maneuver is presented in detail for a planar and spatial case. The planar case uses 3 DoF robotic arms, while the spatial case uses 6 DoF robotic arms. In addition, the balance arm has been designed considering the efficient usage of energy satisfying reactionless manipulation concept. The design procedure focuses on minimizing energy used during the motion of the balance arm for a known motion of task arms using a genetic algorithm. Moreover, computational experiments are conducted to validate the use of the genetic algorithm for optimization. The results of proposed reactionless manipulation algorithm have been validated with the results available in the literature for the spatial case that uses a different method. In the future, an energy-efficient balance arm will be designed to handle tumbling objects.     

基于并行扩展卡尔曼滤波的自主卫星星座导航方法

针对星间距离测量容易受到外界干扰的问题,提出了一种适用于多颗地球卫星和一颗月球卫星的卫星星座自主导航的并行扩展卡尔曼滤波算法.通过解决噪声统计不确定情况下的测量调度问题来选择适当的测量,降低干扰的影响.为了自适应地选择适当的测量,提出一种基于不同来源的测量构造多个子集的并行扩展卡尔曼滤波器,其中每个扩展卡尔曼滤波器用于...     

脉冲星方位误差估计的TSKF算法

为提高脉冲星方位误差估计对方位自行速度及卫星位置误差的鲁棒性和整体运算的高效性,设计了两级卡尔曼滤波（TSKF）算法。首先,分析了方位自行速度及卫星位置误差对方位误差估计的影响,并分别结合相关算法进行了仿真验证。然后,结合方位误差估计的CV模型和两级卡尔量滤波的相关原理,写出了TSKF算法的更新方程,并分析了实现并行计算的基本流程。仿真实验的数据显示:在方位自行速度及卫星位置误差均存在的情况下,TSKF算法的方位估计精度约为0.1 mas,方位自行速度估计精度约为1.1 mas/a;与基于CV模型的估计算法相比,TSKF算法的浮点运算仅增加了0.048%。      

A universal on-orbit servicing system used in the geostationary orbit

The geostationary orbit (GEO), a unique satellite orbit of the human beings, is a very precious orbit resource. However, the continuous increasing of GEO debris makes the GEO orbit more and more crowded. Moreover, the failures of GEO spacecrafts will result in large economic cost and other bad impacts. In this paper, we proposed a space robotic servicing system, and developed key pose (position and orientation) measurement and control algorithm. Firstly, the necessity of orbit service in GEO was analyzed. Then, a servicing concept for GEO non-cooperative targets was presented and a universal space robotic servicing system was designed. The system has a 2-DOF docking mechanism, a 7-DOF redundant manipulator and a set of stereo vision, in addition to the traditional subsystems of a spacecraft. This system can serve most existing satellites in GEO, not requiring specially designed objects for grappling and measuring on the target. The servicing contents include: (a) visual inspecting; (b) target tracking, approaching and docking; (c) ORUs (Orbital Replacement Units) replacement; (d) Malfunctioned mechanism deploying; (e) satellites life extension by taking over its control, or re-orbiting the abandoned satellites. As an example, the servicing mission of a malfunctioned GEO satellite with three severe mechanical failures was designed and simulated. The results showed the validity and flexibility of the proposed system.     

卫星编队对空间非合作目标测距相对导航精度分析

针对单颗卫星对空间非合作目标测距不能估计全部相对运动状态的问题,提出利用编队中多颗卫星同时测距相对导航。建立了相对运动状态估计的系统模型;推导了系统可观测矩阵;通过计算系统可观测度和采用无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）对目标相对运动状态进行估计,研究了观测矢量方向和数量与相对导航精度的关系。结果表明双星测距能估计全部相对运动状态,观测矢量夹角越大,相对导航精度越高,在编队尺寸远小于目标距离的前提下,多于两颗的卫星测距并不能明显提高相对导航精度。     

基于多传感器测量的航天器舱段自动 对接位姿调整方法

针对航天器舱段对接通常采用的手工操作方式效率低、精度差和可靠性难以保证的问题,研发了一种基于多传感器测量的舱段自动对接装置,其中舱体位姿的测量和调整是保证对接质量和效率的关键因素。提出了一种基于激光轮廓传感器和CCD图像传感器等多传感器协同测量的舱段六自由度位姿估计和调整方法。首先,采用激光轮廓传感器对舱体进行扫描,获取位姿三维点云信息,并采用改进的最小二乘法对被测舱段位姿进行求解;然后,通过CCD图像传感器获取舱段对接孔位置,通过圆拟合计算角度偏差,求解和拟合的结果将反馈至控制系统进行调姿和对接。采用Gocator 2350激光轮廓传感器及大恒MER-1810-21U3C工业相机进行舱体测量和对接实验,结果表明,舱体位姿调整精度和效率均达到对接要求。该方法结合了激光轮廓传感器的可靠性和机器视觉的灵活性,有效提高了自动对接系统的效率、稳定性和一致性,足以满足未来军用以及民用的需求。      

空间非合作目标交会对接影像测量自适应处理

分析了空间非合作目标影像测量及特征点提取机理,根据对接中特征点识别噪声不确定和空间摄动引起的模型误差,对传统滤波方法进行改进;通过量测更新后的新息数据对量测噪声量级进行估计,同时采用渐消自适应方法对模型误差进行处理,增进滤波效果;设计了针对空间非合作目标对接段的滤波器,能够提供对接段相对位置、速度、姿态角及角速率估计信息。仿真结果表明,提出的改进滤波算法能够在测量噪声不确定和模型误差条件下达到较好效果。     

多敏感器卫星姿态确定的联邦滤波器设计

针对由惯性测量组件、星敏感器、数字式太阳敏感器和红外地球敏感器构成的卫星姿态确定系统 ,提出采用联邦滤波器进行信息融合。设计了多敏感器信息融合的联邦滤波器结构和算法 ,推导了卫星姿态确定的误差状态方程和各子系统的量测方程。仿真分析结果表明 ,采用联邦滤波器对多敏感器卫星姿态确定系统进行信息融合 ,能够以较小的计算量实现高精度的信息融合 ,并且还能使高精度的信息融合具备容错性能     

Central difference predictive filter for attitude determination with low precision sensors and model errors

Attitude determination is one of the key technologies for Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS) of a satellite. However, serious model errors may exist which will affect the estimation accuracy of ACDS, especially for a small satellite with low precision sensors. In this paper, a central difference predictive filter (CDPF) is proposed for attitude determination of small satellites with model errors and low precision sensors. The new filter is proposed by introducing the Stirling’s polynomial interpolation formula to extend the traditional predictive filter (PF). It is shown that the proposed filter has higher accuracy for the estimation of system states than the traditional PF. It is known that the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) has also been used in the ADCS of small satellites with low precision sensors. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed filter, the UKF is also employed to compare it with the CDPF. Numerical simulations show that the proposed CDPF is more effective and robust in dealing with model errors and low precision sensors compared with the UKF or traditional PF.     

一种多步的基于切换星间测量的多星自主导航算法

针对基于星间测量的多星自主导航问题,从载荷优化和节约成本考虑,提出了一种单套敏感器切换测量的导航方案。建立了该导航方案下的系统状态空间模型,并基于扩展卡尔曼滤波方程给出了导航估计算法。基于多步卡尔曼滤波方法,将集中的滤波算法解耦为多个平行的子滤波器,使计算量降低到原算法的50%以下,并且在切换测量的导航方案下,部分解耦出的子滤波器可以只预测不更新,能够进一步地降低计算负担。给出了多步滤波算法的推导过程,证明了其与标准卡尔曼滤波的数学等价性,故算法的估计性能及计算结果与标准卡尔曼滤波一致,但计算速度有明显提升。最后,通过具体算例给出了算法的仿真验证。     

轨道机动过程中推力加速度的在线最小方差估计

定位和跟踪空间机动目标时，对目标运动建模受发动机推力的不确定性影响，通过统计处理离散的雷达观测数据实时估计发动机的推力，进而定位和跟踪机动目标便是本文所要研究和解决的问题，本文在地心惯性系建立了常推力轨道机动过程中连续变质量运动模型和离散雷达量测模型，机动过程中质量秒耗量和排气速度作为表征轨控发动机推力的两个近似常量，应用扩展卡尔曼滤波对离散雷达测量数据进行序贯统计处理得到发动机推力的最小方差估计；文中详细地给出了线性化量测模型的变分方程和观测矩阵；仿真结果表明该算法能快速、准确地在线估计轨控发动机的等效推力。     

关于北斗卫星导航系统的被动式定位算法比较研究

我国北斗卫星导航系统空间卫星共有2或3颗,无法单独满足被动导航定位的要求．针对这种卫星稀少的情况提出了3种被动式定位算法: 2星定位算法、 3星3参数定位算法和3星4参数定位算法, 这些算法分别采用气压测高方法增加观测数据和采用数学模型描述接收机钟差的方法减少定位方程求解的未知数;探讨了北斗卫星导航系统备份星的可用性和对导航定位精度的贡献;还提出了准差分修正技术,提高了定位精度．实验证明, 3种算法都取得了100m以内的定位结果,可以满足一般用户定位需求．     

State and disturbance estimation for test masses of drag-free satellites based on self-recurrent wavelet neural network

In recent years, the drag-free satellites have been widely used for some fundamental physical experiments, such as checking short-range effects of general relativity, geopotential determination and the exploration of static ocean current. And the space-borne detector of gravitational waves is one of the important applications for drag-free satellites in the future. In this study, the estimation of relative motion state and disturbance for test masses of drag-free satellite after release are researched. Firstly, the relative motion model between the test masses is established based on corresponding reference frames. Secondly, a self-recurrent wavelet neural network estimator is designed to estimate the pure gravitational relative motion state and disturbance for the test masses, and the sliding mode controller is used to transfer the relative motion state to the ideal state. Finally, the proposed estimation methods are verified by the simulation results.