Radical recombination in a hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet nozzle

To reveal the radical recombination process in the scramjet nozzle flow and study the effects of various factors of the recombination, weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes are applied to solve the decoupled two-dimensional Euler equations with chemical reactions to simulate the hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet nozzle flow. The accuracy of the numerical method is verified with the measurements obtained by a shock tunnel experiment. The overall model length is nearly 0.5 m, with inlet static temperatures ranging from 2000 K to 3000 K, inlet static pressures ranging from 75 k Pa to 175 k Pa, and inlet Mach numbers of 2.0 ± 0.4 are involved.The fraction Damkohler number is defined as functions of static temperature and pressure to analyze the radical recombination progresses. Preliminary results indicate that the energy releasing process depends on different chemical reaction processes and species group contributions. In hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet nozzle flow, reactions with H have the greatest contribution during the chemical equilibrium shift. The contrast and analysis of the simulation results show that the radical recombination processes influenced by inflow conditions and nozzle scales are consistent with Damkohler numbers and potential dissociation energy release. The increase of inlet static temperature improves both of them, thus making the chemical non-equilibrium effects on the nozzle performance more significant. While the increase of inlet static pressure improves the former one and reduces the latter, it exerts little influence on the chemical non-equilibrium effects.     

MCGA-assisted ignition process and flame propagation of a scramjet at Mach 2.0

The ignition process and flame propagation with ethylene fuel in cavity-stabilized scramjet by a Multi-Channel Gliding Arc(MCGA) at Mach 2.0 were investigated. Effects of equivalence ratios on the MCGA-assisted ignition process and flame propagation of the scramjet were recorded by two high-speed cameras from different view angles. The discharge characteristics of MCGA are also collected synchronously with the high-speed cameras. The distributions of temperature, velocity, and equivalence ratios...     

A deep learning approach for velocity field prediction in a scramjet isolator from Schlieren images

Accurate measurements of physical parameters in a scramjet isolator are very important to promote the design and optimization of the isolator and even the scramjet. In a ground experiment, limited by the inherent characteristics of measurement technology and equipment, it is a big challenge to obtain the velocity field inside an isolator. In this study, a deep learning approach was introduced to combine data obtained from ground experiments and numerical simulations, and a velocity field predict...     

Schemed Power-augmented Flow for Wing-in-ground Effect Craft in Cruise

To provide detailed insight into schemed power-augmented flow for wing-in-ground effect(WIG) craft in view of the concept of cruising with power assistance,this paper presents a numerical study.The engine installed before the wing for power-augmented flow is replaced by a simplified engine model in the simulations,and is considered to be equipped with a thrust vector nozzle.Flow features with different deflected nozzle angles are studied.Comparisons are made on aerodynamics to evaluate performance of power-augmented ram(PAR) modes in cruise.Considerable schemes of power-augmented flow in cruise are described.The air blown from the PAR engine accelerates the flow around wing and a high-speed attached flow near the trailing edge is recorded for certain deflected nozzle angles.This effect takes place and therefore the separation is prevented not only at the trailing edge but also on the whole upper side.The realization of suction varies with PAR modes.It is also found that scheme of blowing air under the wing for PAR engine is aerodynamically not efficient in cruise.The power-augmented flow is extremely complicated.The numerical results give clear depiction of the flow.Optimal scheme of power-augmented flow with respect to the craft in cruise depends on the specific engines and the flight regimes.     

Preliminary experiment on spontaneous ignition performances of cavity-based strut flameholder

The thermal-structural response and low cycle fatigue life of a three-dimensional (3D) channel wall nozzle with regenerative cooling were numerically investigated by coupling the finite volume fluid-thermal method, nonlinear finite element thermal-structural analysis and local strain methods. The nozzle had a high area ratio (nozzle exit area divided by throat area) under cyclic working loads. Parametric studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of channel structural parameters such as channel width, channel height, liner thickness and rib width. Results showed that the integrated effects of three-dimensional channel structure and load distribution caused serious strain, which mainly occurred at the intersectant regions of liner wall on the gas side and the symmetric planes of channel and rib. The cooling effect and channel structural strength were significantly improved as the channel width and height decreased, leading to substantial extension of the nozzle service life. On the other hand, the successive decrease in liner thickness and rib width apparently increased the strain amplitude and residual strain of channel wall nozzle during cyclic work, significantly shortening the service life. The present work is of value for design of the channel wall nozzle to prolong its cyclic service life.      

Numerical investigation of flow separation behavior in an over-expanded annular conical aerospike nozzle

A three-part numerical investigation has been conducted in order to identify the flow separation behavior––the progression of the shock structure, the flow separation pattern with an increase in the nozzle pressure ratio(NPR), the prediction of the separation data on the nozzle wall,and the influence of the gas density effect on the flow separation behavior are included.The computational results reveal that the annular conical aerospike nozzle is dominated by shock/shock and shock/boundary layer interactions at all calculated NPRs, and the shock physics and associated flow separation behavior are quite complex.An abnormal flow separation behavior as well as a transition process from no flow separation at highly over-expanded conditions to a restricted shock separation and finally to a free shock separation even at the deign condition can be observed.The complex shock physics has further influence on the separation data on both the spike and cowl walls, and separation criteria suggested by literatures developed from separation data in conical or bell-type rocket nozzles fail at the prediction of flow separation behavior in the present asymmetric supersonic nozzle.Correlation of flow separation with the gas density is distinct for highly overexpanded conditions.Decreasing the gas density or reducing mass flow results in a smaller adverse pressure gradient across the separation shock or a weaker shock system, and this is strongly coupled with the flow separation behavior.The computational results agree well with the experimental data in both shock physics and static wall pressure distribution at the specific NPRs, indicating that the computational methodology here is advisable to accurately predict the flow physics.     

Simplified procedure for controlling pressure distribution of a scramjet combustor

Scramjet engines are used at extreme temperatures and velocity. New control problems involving distributed parameter control have been found concerning investigations of the control of scramjet engines whose physical states are spatially interacted. Succeeding the existing theoretical studies on the distributed parameter control for scramjet engines, this paper puts forward a simplified distributed parameter control approach for scramjet engines aimed at engineering application. The simplified control procedure uses the classical proportional-integral（PI） compensation to control the target pressure distribution of scramjet engines, which is effective and applicable for practical implements. Simulation results show the validation of the simplified distributed parameter control procedure.     

Study on Microwave Dielectric Property of Carbon Black and Short Carbon Fibers

Carbon black and carbon fibers of different lengths were introduced in different matrices at different ratios to explore their microwave dielectric properties under 8.2 GHz-12.4 GHz. It is found that the actual dielectric constants of the samples containing carbon black are in a two-order function of the contents of carbon black （ε＇, ε＂=Av2＋Bv＋C） and the complex dielectric constants show an obvious frequency response. Of the added fibers of different lengths, the 4 mm-long one could well disperse in the matrices having not only good frequency response, but also larger real parts, imaginary parts and loss values. The imaginary parts and the loss values （tanδ）of the samples with 4 mm-long carbon fibers added increase linearly with the contents of fiber increasing. So it is practicable to adjust the dielectric parameters of the material in a wide range by changing the added amount of carbon black, and the carbon fiber or altering the lengths of the carbon fiber added.     

Study on Microwave Dielectric Property of Carbon Black and Short Carbon Fibers

Carbon black and carbon fibers of different lengths were introduced in different matrices at different ratios to explore their micro-wave dielectric properties under 8.2 GHz-12.4 GHz. It is found that the actual dielectric constants of the samples containing carbon black are in a two-order function of the contents of carbon black (ε′, ε″=Av2 Bv C) and the complex dielectric constants show an obvi-ous frequency response. Of the added fibers of different lengths, the 4 mm-long one could well disperse in the matrices having not only good frequency response, but also larger real parts, imaginary parts and loss values. The imaginary parts and the loss values (tanδ) of the samples with 4 mm-long carbon fibers added increase linearly with the contents of fiber increasing. So it is practicable to adjust the di-electric parameters of the material in a wide range by changing the added amount of carbon black, and the carbon fiber or altering the lengths of the carbon fiber added.     

Experimental Study on Effects of Fuel Injection on Scramjet Combustor Performance

In order to investigate the effects of fuel injection distribution on the scramjet combustor performance, there are conducted three sets of test on a hydrocarbon fueled direct-connect scramjet test facility. The results of Test A, whose fuel injection is carried out with injectors located on the top-wall and the bottom-wall, show that the fuel injection with an appropriate close-front and centralized distribution would be of much help to optimize combustor performances. The results of Test B, whose fuel injection is performed at the optimal injection locations found in Test A, with a given equivalence ratio and different injection proportions for each injector, show that this injection mode is of little benefit to improve combustor performances. The results of Test C with a circumferential fuel injection distribution displaies the possibility of ameliorating combustor performance. By analyzing the effects of injection location parameters on combustor performances on the base of the data of Test C, it is clear that the injector location has strong coupled influences on combus- tor performances. In addition, an inner-force synthesis specific impulse is used to reduce the errors caused by the disturbance of fuel supply and working state of air heater while assessing combustor performances.     

高超声速飞行器进气道等离子体虚拟前沿优化设计

为研究等离子体虚拟前沿在高超声速飞行器前体/发动机一体化设计中的应用,首先设计了二波系前体,然后分析了虚拟前沿对前体流场结构的影响,最后通过比较虚拟前沿结构参数及位置对总压恢复系数、流量系数等参数的改善效果,优化得出了最佳虚拟前沿。结果表明,有虚拟前沿控制前体激波时,总压恢复系数及流量系数都会增大,但压缩比不一定会增大;虚拟前沿的位置对各参数的影响很大,且存在一个最佳位置使得前体性能最好;随着虚拟前沿长度的增大,总压恢复系数和流量系数逐渐增大,压缩比逐渐减小。     

超燃冲压发动机喷管下唇板可调方案

高超声速飞行器在飞行接力点和巡航结束点受喷管冷、热态膨胀状态不同的影响,会产生较大的冷、热态俯仰力矩差,从而对飞行器姿态控制带来较大困难.针对该问题,研究了下唇板可调方案对降低冷、热态俯仰力矩差的有效性,对不同下唇板角度进行数值模拟,得到了喷管性能参数.结果表明:下唇板旋转6°时,设计马赫数Ma=4.5下冷、热态俯仰力矩差下降29.57%,推力系数减小0.42%.并且进行了下唇板角度可调方案的风洞试验和对应的数值模拟,对比发现数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了所提出的可调方案及数值模拟结果的正确性.      

超燃冲压发动机唇口气动热计算研究与分析

采用数值模拟方法,对超燃冲压发动机进气道唇口的气动热进行了计算和分析.依据唇口与前体激波所处相对位置的不同,分三种情形进行了计算研究.结果表明,三种情形下,进气道前缘驻点热流均大于头部.通过算例验证,证明该方法和结论的正确性.研究表明,激波干扰以及前体激波压缩后超声速来流使唇口热流增大,热防护和结构设计时应当予以充分考虑.      

考虑进口非均匀的喷管设计及冷流条件下的性能研究

超燃冲压发动机尾喷管与燃烧室直接相连,由于没有几何喉道和收缩段的整流作用,实际工作过程中尾喷管的进口气流是非均匀的,因而有必要研究非均匀进口条件下的尾喷管设计方法。以超燃冲压发动机尾喷管非均匀进口马赫数分布为条件,采用有旋特征线设计了超燃冲压发动机非对称尾喷管的等熵膨胀型线。利用数值模拟和试验相结合的方法研究了冷流条件下喷管的气动性能。结果表明,在相同的进口条件下,相对于假定进口马赫数均匀分布设计得到的喷管,考虑进口马赫数非均匀分布设计的喷管推力增加0.6%~2.0%,负升力降低可达82.0%,俯仰力矩增加8.6%~13.0%,这说明在喷管的设计过程中考虑进口参数分布的非均匀性是有必要的。     

高超侧压式进气道简单唇口调节方案设计

为最大限度提高侧压式进气道流量系数,在定几何进气道基础上设计了一种唇口可调节的简单变几何方案。唇口设计成前伸的后掠三角形以完全挡住第二溢流窗同时排移侧板分离涡。利用Fluent软件研究了变几何进气道马赫6,马赫4下的气动性能,并与定几何直唇口进气道进行了比较。研究发现,简单的唇口调节措施能在显著改善进气道各项总体性能参数的同时获得更高的流量系数:马赫6设计状态下,可调进气道流量系数达0.93;马赫4非设计状态下,流量系数为0.71,能实现自起动。马赫5.3风洞试验结果表明,高马赫数来流条件下,可调进气道三角形尖唇口对改善下游隔离段内的流动结构具有明显效果。     

高超声速侧压式进气道溢流特性研究

首先介绍了高超声速侧压式进气道的构型, 定义了侧压式进气道可能存在的两种溢流模态———构型溢流和压差溢流;然后对构型溢流进行了理论分析和计算, 阐明了侧板后掠的侧压进气道设计参数对构型溢流影响;最后对不同侧板配置方式的侧压式进气道进行了数值模拟, 通过对比分析发现由唇口板位置所决定的溢流窗大小对进气道溢流特性的影响显著.      

三维磁流体强化超燃冲压发动机数值模拟

建立了三维磁流体强化超燃冲压发动机内部黏性流场的求解模型.针对马赫数为6设计了联合应用磁控进气道和磁流体能量旁路的磁流体强化超燃冲压发动机模型.针对该模型进行了数值模拟研究,分析其中的三维流场结构、电参数分布规律以及能量转换特性.结果表明:当飞行马赫数为8时,磁控进气道的应用能够使头部压缩激波回到唇口,使分离区消失,内进气道中的流动恢复到设计状态.磁流体能量旁路可有效降低燃烧室入口处的马赫数,从而改善发动机性能.其中发生器中的流动参数和电参数的分布比较理想,效果显著;而加速器要取得显著的加速效果则需要大量的能量输入.在加速器中,电极附近焦耳耗散严重,导致局部高温以及流动的复杂性,性能不够理想.      

Study on Energy Law of Similitude for Laser Propulsion in Repetitively-pulsed Mode

Energy law of similitude for laser propulsion refers to the law that there is an optimum nozzle configuration for the largest value of impulse coupling coefficient at certain incident laser energy. A dimensionless factor combined with incident laser energy, nozzle configuration parameters and working gas parameters is introduced. Energy law of similitude is established by means of theoretical analysis, experimental study and numerical simulation of radiation gas-dynamics. The qualitative results obtained from theoretical analysis are verified by experimental and numerical results. Physical meaning and engineering application of dimensionless factor and energy law of similitude are analyzed. Results indicate that

impulse coupling coefficient has a maximum value with dimensionless factor of about 0.4;

impulse coupling coefficient is independent of incident laser energy when dimensionless factor is constant. Conclusions and recognitions acquired in this article can not only present optimum nozzle configurations for the present laser energy level, but also provide a good guide for the optimum nozzle configuration design once the laser energy is amplified to a high level.     

宽马赫数范围高超声速进气道转动唇口变几何方案研究

结合简单一维流理论讨论了一种工作于Ma=4～7、采用可转动唇口的变几何二元高超声速进气道设计方案,并利用数值仿真手段对其Ma=4下的自起动性能及其他不同工作马赫数下的性能进行了研究.结果表明:所设计的变几何进气道必须辅以附面层排移措施才能在Ma=4下顺利实现自起动;该变几何方案Ma=4下的流量系数达0.7以上,这为飞行器加速提供了强有力保障;与定几何进气道相比,变几何进气道高低马赫数下的总体性能均得到显著提高;此外,转动唇口的铰接位置对自起动性能有重要影响.      

高超声速二维混压式前体/进气道设计方法研究

以飞行Ma数Ma=6,H=25km为设计点,分别采用等激波角和等激波强度设计方法,并考虑变比热、激波与附面层干扰等因素的影响,分别对唇口平直和唇口带有斜楔的超燃冲压发动机二维混压式前体/进气道进行了初步设计,分析并比较了几种方案进气道的设计点和非设计点性能及二维流场。研究表明,在低飞行Ma数下,唇口带有斜楔的前体/进气道起动性能和总压恢复优于唇口平直的,在高飞行Ma数下,唇口平直的前体/进气道冲压比高、外罩阻力小,而唇口带有斜楔的前体/进气道总压恢复系数高,外罩阻力相对较大。另外,分别采用等激波角和等激波强度方法设计的前体/进气道性能相近。本文提出的方法对于二维混压式高超声速前体/进气道方案的初步筛选具有一定的适用性。