GPS在航天器编队飞行任务中的基础性作用

GPS正在改变航天器的测控格局 ,拓宽卫星和星座控制技术 ,从而构成空间编队飞行定时、测量和控制的技术基础。国内外已开发出对航天器编队飞行任务进行精确定位和导航的GPS方案。GPS将充当一大类多航天器编队飞行任务的导航系统。在当前开发的空间编队飞行技术中 ,编队航天器的测量和控制、星间链路通信、任务综合与验证、编队飞行试验台、分散式控制、高轨道航天器的相对导航等 ,无一不与GPS息息相关     

基于激光实时跟踪测量的航天器编队相对位置测量方法

为了解决编队航天器间相对位置的高精度测量，实现航天器编队自主飞行，提出基于激光实时跟踪测量航天器间相对位置的测量定位方法，建立了航天器间相对位置测量的数学模型。该测量方法在直角坐标系下用Hill方程建立编队航天器相对运动模型，得出航天器相对运动轨迹的解析解，在极坐标系下建立航天器间相对位置的激光跟踪测量模型，将激光跟踪测量系统的测量值转换到直角坐标系，对转换误差进行去偏差补偿，利用卡尔曼滤波方法进行数据处理，以提高航天器间的相对位置测量精度。仿真结果表明，若对于测距精度为5厘米，测角精度为0．1度的激光跟踪测量系统，采用去偏差转换测量卡尔曼滤波方法，航天器空间相对位置精度可达到厘米量级。     

地球同步轨道卫星编队飞行的区域性导航系统方案

卫星编队飞行组成虚拟平台 ,这是当前一个完全崭新和开拓性的研究课题。根据与时俱进 ,开拓创新的精神 ,本文提出一个地球同步轨道卫星编队飞行组成的区域性导航系统方案。这是至今为止在相同精度和相同覆盖区条件下卫星数量最少的 ,也是投资经费最低的导航系统方案     

基于非线性滤波技术的多航天器编队飞行相对导航

航天器编队飞行协调工作,必须精确确定各航天器的相对位置和相对速度,即进行编队飞行相对导航,本文提出了一种UKF和卡尔曼滤波组合的非线性滤波算法,并将算法应用于编队飞行的载波相位差分GPS相对导航。     

基于脉冲星的空间飞行器自主导航技术研究

研究了利用X射线脉冲星实现空间飞行器自主导航的原理,指出通过测量脉冲星发射的脉冲到达航天器与到达太阳系质心的时间差可以确定该航天器的位置。给出了两种适合用于处理脉冲星观测量的方法,即基于最小二乘(LS)的方法和基于卡尔曼滤波(KF)的方法。通过数值仿真验证了X射线脉冲星自主导航技术的可行性,并且说明采用KF算法能够有效利用卫星轨道运动方程中包含的导航信息,从而获得更高的导航精度。     

Laser radar based relative navigation using improved adaptive Huber filter

An improved adaptive Huber filter algorithm is proposed to model error and measurement noise uncertainty in this work. The adaptive algorithm for model error is obtained by using an upper bound for the state prediction covariance matrix with augment of chi-square statistical hypothesis test in case of filter deteriorated by wrong residual information. The measurement noise is estimated at each filter step by minimizing a criterion function which was original from Huber filter. A recursive algorithm is provided for solving the criterion function. The proposed adaptive filter algorithm was successfully implemented in radar navigation system for spacecraft formation flying in high earth orbits with real orbit perturbations and non-Gaussian random measurement error. Simulation results indicated that the proposed adaptive filter performed better in robustness and accuracy compared with previous adaptive algorithms.     

Novel closed-loop approaches for precise relative navigation of widely separated GPS receivers in LEO

This paper deals with the relative navigation of a formation of two spacecrafts separated by hundreds of kilometers based on processing dual-frequency differential carrier-phase GPS measurements. Specific requirements of the considered application are high relative positioning accuracy and real-time on board implementation. These can be conflicting requirements. Indeed, if on one hand high accuracy can be achieved by exploiting the integer nature of double-difference carrier-phase ambiguities, on the other hand the presence of large ephemeris errors and differential ionospheric delays makes the integer ambiguities determination challenging. Closed-loop schemes, which update the relative position estimates of a dynamic filter with feedback from integer ambiguities fixing algorithms, are customarily employed in these cases. This paper further elaborates such approaches, proposing novel closed loop techniques aimed at overcoming some of the limitations of traditional algorithms. They extend techniques developed for spaceborne long baseline relative positioning by making use of an on-the-fly ambiguity resolution technique especially developed for the applications of interest. Such techniques blend together ionospheric delay compensation techniques, nonlinear models of relative spacecraft dynamics, and partial integer validation techniques. The approaches are validated using flight data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. Performance is compared to that of the traditional closed-loop scheme analyzing the capability of each scheme to maximize the percentage of correctly fixed integer ambiguities as well as the relative positioning accuracy. Results show that the proposed approach substantially improves performance of the traditional approaches. More specifically, centimeter-level root-mean square relative positioning is feasible for spacecraft separations of more than 260 km, and an integer ambiguity fixing performance as high as 98% is achieved in a 1-day long dataset. Results also show that approaches exploiting ionospheric delay models are more robust and precise of approaches relying on ionospheric-delay removal techniques.     

一种基于信息融合的卫星自主天文导航新方法

直接敏感地平和利用星光折射间接敏感地平是两种基于天体敏感器的自主天文导航方法,其定位精度主要取决于地平的敏感精度。通常利用红外地平仪直接敏感地平的方法简单、可靠,但精度较低,而近年出现的利用星光折射间接敏感地平的方法精度高,但必须能观测到符合一定条件的折射星,根据上述两种方法的特点,提出了一种基于信息融合的直接敏感地平和利用星光折射间接敏感地平相结合的自主天文导航的新方法,计算机仿真结果表明该方法可以进一步提高系统的精度和可靠性。     

海事卫星系统在载人航天数据中继的应用

对海事卫星系统用于载人航天器数据中继的基本方法及可能性进行了讨论。从海事卫星系统的构成、链路能量和天线跟踪等方面论证了使用海事卫星系统中继载人航天数据的可能性。论述了工程实施中的关键技术和解决措施。提出了采用导频接收机来实施多普勒频移补偿的解决方案。最后认为使用海事卫星中继载人航天数据是可行的，可有效提高载人航天器的测控通信覆盖率。     

GPS-based relative navigation for the Proba-3 formation flying mission

The primary objective of the Proba-3 mission is to build a solar coronagraph composed of two satellites flying in close formation on a high elliptical orbit and tightly controlled at apogee. Both spacecraft will embark a low-cost GPS receiver, originally designed for low-Earth orbits, to support the mission operations and planning during the perigee passage, when the GPS constellation is visible. The paper demonstrates the possibility of extending the utilization range of the GPS-based navigation system to serve as sensor for formation acquisition and coarse formation keeping. The results presented in the paper aim at achieving an unprecedented degree of realism using a high-fidelity simulation environment with hardware-in-the-loop capabilities. A modified version of the flight-proven PRISMA navigation system, composed of two single-frequency Phoenix GPS receivers and an advanced real-time onboard navigation filter, has been retained for this analysis. For several-day long simulations, the GPS receivers are replaced by software emulation to accelerate the simulation process. Special attention has been paid to the receiver link budget and to the selection of a proper attitude profile. Overall the paper demonstrates that, despite a limited GPS tracking time, the onboard navigation filter gets enough measurements to perform a relative orbit determination accurate at the centimeter level at perigee. Afterwards, the orbit prediction performance depends mainly on the quality of the onboard modeling of the differential solar radiation pressure acting on the satellites. When not taken into account, this perturbation is responsible for relative navigation errors at apogee up to 50 m. The errors can be reduced to only 10 m if the navigation filter is able to model this disturbance with 70% fidelity.     

基于J2项摄动的MMS任务编队优化设计

Magnetospheric MultiScale（MMS）任务利用椭圆轨道远地点附近的正四面体航天器编队，协同完成对地球磁层结构和动力学特性的测量和分析。采用基于轨道根数的相对运动模型，分析了主航天器轨道根数对J2项影响下四面体平均性能指标——质量因子均值和平均边长均值的影响规律，并由此提出一种编队轨道优化设计方案，将其应用于第1阶段MMS任务的四面体构形设计中。该方案的设计变量包括主航天器的6个轨道根数和3个从航天器的15个相对轨道根数（除相对半长轴外），目标函数既考虑到四面体编队的平均性能，又兼顾了3个从航天器相对运动的受摄影响。仿真算例显示，在不施加主动控制的条件下，利用该方案设计远地点附近平均性能保持最优的四面体编队是可行的。     

NPF算法在X射线脉冲星导航中的应用研究

针对X射线脉冲星导航中航天器模型的强非线性、高阶模型不确定性等问题,提出应用非线性预测滤波(NPF)算法实时估计航天器的轨道信息。首先,建立具有模型不确定性的X射线脉冲星导航定轨指标函数,优化得到满足指标函数最小的系统模型误差值,通过降低模型不确定性的影响来提高航天器自主定轨精度。对STK生成的“火星探路者”和“金星快车”及“北斗一号”三种航天器轨道数据进行分析,仿真结果表明,该算法比EKF算法具有更高的定轨精度,能够满足深空以及近地轨道航天器的自主定轨精度指标要求。     

Autonomous navigation and guidance system for low thrust driven deep space missions

Presented herein is a concept of an Autonomous Navigation & Guidance System for electrically propelled deep space missions, including hardware configuration, algorithms for autonomous navigation and guidance, and estimates of potential guidance precision and mass consumption. This concept is actually a unified Navigation, Guidance and Attitude Control system. The unification is imposed by strong coupling between the orbital motion and the spacecraft attitude characteristic of low thrust space flights. The sensor set of the system consists of an optical instrument (Coupled Sun Star Tracker), and a block of four vector accelerometers. The propulsion subsystem is a set of nearly parallel Hall thrusters rigidly attached to the spacecraft body. The final stage of data processing is combining the thrust and torque programs and generating power and mass rate shares for every thruster. An end-to-end computer simulation provides guidance accuracy estimates versus the navigation data precision, flight time and available maximum thrust. Terminal guidance errors of a few tens of km in position and a few tens of cm/s in velocities are predicted under plausible assumptions on system parameters. Mass expenditures for the control are typically below one percent of total fuel mass budget.     

一种区域定位系统的概念

区域定位系统是一种与GPS兼容的地基导航系统，可以完成轨道飞行器乃至弹道试验的定位和定轨任务。区域定位系统由若干地基导航发射台（也可增加一、二个天基导航台）网和卫星载接收机组成。其定位精度估计在100m以内，如地面导航台网与GPS差分导航台结合起来，将会发挥更大作用。     

利用增量相位和星光仰角增强XNAV

针对X射线脉冲星导航系统(XNAV)中过程噪声统计特性难以准确获取，对其不当假设导致滤波器估计性能不佳的问题，提出基于自适应差分卡尔曼滤波器(ADDF)的多信息融合算法。为了降低导航误差，在传统脉冲星计时观测的基础上，增加恒星星光仰角及两个时刻间的相位增量观测量，共同增强XNAV。首先，分别建立计时观测模型、相位增量模型及星光仰角模型；然后将多信息测量模型集成到卫星轨道动力学方程中，以建立ADDF滤波模型；最后对所提方法进行仿真验证。实验结果表明，在相同的初始状态和初始噪声误差条件下，与传统X射线脉冲星导航算法相比，多信息融合算法能将导航位置估计精度提高70%以上，位置估计误差降低到 200 m 左右，速度估计精度提高40%以上，且ADDF性能优于无迹卡尔曼滤波器。     

多传感器组合导航系统研究

设计了一种由INS、GPS和Doppler测速雷达构成的多传感器组合导航系统。采用GPS伪距、伪距率以及Doppler速度与INS组合 ,建立了其卡尔曼滤波方程 ,设计了飞行轨迹 ,给出了惯性元件精度较低时组合系统的仿真输出。仿真结果表明 ,多传感器组合导航系统能有效提高导航精度 ,降低对惯性元件的性能要求 ,是导航系统的发展方向     

Validation on flight data of a closed-loop approach for GPS-based relative navigation of LEO satellites

This paper describes a carrier-phase differential GPS approach for real-time relative navigation of LEO satellites flying in formation with large separations. These applications are characterized indeed by a highly varying number of GPS satellites in common view and large ionospheric differential errors, which significantly impact relative navigation performance and robustness. To achieve high relative positioning accuracy a navigation algorithm is proposed which processes double-difference code and carrier measurements on two frequencies, to fully exploit the integer nature of the related ambiguities. Specifically, a closed-loop scheme is proposed in which fixed estimates of the baseline and integer ambiguities produced by means of a partial integer fixing step are fed back to an Extended Kalman Filter for improving the float estimate at successive time instants. The approach also benefits from the inclusion in the filter state of the differential ionospheric delay in terms of the Vertical Total Electron Content of each satellite. The navigation algorithm performance is tested on actual flight data from GRACE mission. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in managing integer unknowns in conjunction with Extended Kalman Filtering, and that centimeter-level accuracy can be achieved in real-time also with large separations.     

基于无奇点根数的空间相对导航插值滤波算法

为了提高椭圆轨道航天器的相对导航精度,将基于Stirling公式的多项式插值滤波方法（DDF2）引入导航算法,降低了传统的卡尔曼滤波方法中泰勒级数展开线性化     

航天器的自主导航技术

本文首先总结航天器自主导航技术的发展史，在此基础上分折了目前几种候选的自主导航系统，对比了它们的性能和优缺点。然后介绍了自主导航技术及系统组成规律。着重介绍了载人飞船自主导航系统的组成，自主导航的算法。最后提出了发展我国飞船自主导航系统的建议。     

地月转移轨道自主导航算法研究

本文给出一种地月转移段的自主导航算法。以紫外敏感器输出的月心像素和月心距等信息为观测量,利用基于UD分解的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法确定探测器的轨道。仿真结果表明,基于紫外敏感器的地月转移段自主导航是可行的,引入单程多普勒测速的组合导航算法可以有效地提高导航精度与收敛速度。