航天器编队飞行及其关键技术的开发

简要论述由分布式航天器系统构成的空间编队飞行的概念 ,扼要介绍 NASA为未来航天器编队飞行项目开发的几项关键技术 ,着重阐明基于 GPS的分散式编队飞行控制和相对导航技术能充当未来多星编队飞行任务的导航系统 ,从而使未来的空间科学研究发生深刻变化     

GPS技术的发展及在航天器导航定位编队飞行中的应用

GPS技术广泛应用于航天器的定位领域，拓宽了卫星和星座的测控技术，正逐渐成为编队飞行航天器测量与定位的重要技术手段。国内外已经对GPS应用于编队飞行的精确相对定位技术进行了大量的方案设计和试验研究，并得出了许多有用的结论。该文介绍GPS相关技术的发展历程和在航天器导航定位特别是编队飞行相对定位中的应用研究。     

星载GPS接收机的设计与应用

随着空间技术的不断发展，星载GPS接收机已经逐渐发展成为航天器的一个重要平台载荷。它可以为航天器提供全球、全天候、实时、高动态、高精度的导航信息，并且提高航天器运行的自主性。本文对星载GPS接收机的设计及其在航天器，特别是编队飞行中的应用进行了阐述。文章介绍了几项应用GPS技术进行编队飞行的空间计划，指出了载波相位差分GPS技术在编队飞行相对导航中的重要作用；介绍了清华一号纳型卫星上的星载GPS接收机的研究进展，并在此基础上提出了编队飞行相对导航系统的设计方案。     

基于非线性滤波技术的多航天器编队飞行相对导航

航天器编队飞行协调工作,必须精确确定各航天器的相对位置和相对速度,即进行编队飞行相对导航,本文提出了一种UKF和卡尔曼滤波组合的非线性滤波算法,并将算法应用于编队飞行的载波相位差分GPS相对导航。     

基于气浮台的编队飞行地面试验建模与鲁棒控制器设计

为分析验证卫星编队飞行涉及的相对导航、制导与控制以及星间通信等问题,搭建了编队飞行的地面试验系统,采用了一块3m×4.5m的气浮平台和具有两个平动自由度和一个转动自由度的卫星仿真器分别来模拟低阻力的空间环境和编队飞行的卫星,相对导航采用了视觉相机和室内GPS两种方案,星间通信则通过蓝牙进行模拟。推导了描述仿真器间相对运动的包含参数不确定性的动力学模型,并基于此模型设计了带极点配置的鲁棒H∞控制算法,通过姿态同步和构型保持等仿真实验重点对编队飞行的相对导航、星间通信和相对状态控制进行分析验证,对实际的编队任务具有一定的参考和指导意义。     

编队飞行航天器测量通信一体化系统的交互链路技术

实现航天编队飞行需要有测量系统测定队列成员的相对位置、姿态和时间,还需要通信系统在编队成员间交换工程数据和科学实验数据。测量系统和通信系统都是实现航天编队飞行的核心技术。基于卫星导航技术,将卫星导航接收机、伪卫星发射机、伪码扩频序列通信和测距链路及相关数据处理模块组合,组成射频收发器,可以构成完成上述功能的测量和通信一体化系统。文中根据国外已有的实践经验阐明射频收发器设计中的交互链路设计技术,包括关于链路拓扑的考虑是采用星形网络还是网形网络;采用相控阵波束形成、分路多路径接收和多用户检测技术;采用半双工码分多址的多路传输体制和打包的信号结构;既可用兼用GPS和交互链路的相对导航,也可只用交互链路测距实现相对定位导航;在编队内外的星间通信乃至星地通信中引入移动IP功能等。航天器本身必须具备适应空间环境的耐辐射能力。     

GEO编队空间机器人系统交会方法

针对地球静止轨道（GEO）上被服务航天器的远距离和非合作特点,提出一种高自主、高协同、多任务的编队空间机器人在轨服务系统方案,实现对非合作目标的自主交会接近。首先,分析GEO卫星轨道约束力小的轨道特征和非合作的信息交互特征,给出由操作空间机器人和监视空间机器人组成的编队在轨服务系统,设计交会接近相对测量分系统以及在轨服务飞行任务;接着,给出典型远距离交会接近的多视线相对导航方法与多冲量相对制导律;最后,进行远距离交会任务仿真校验,结果表明编队空间机器人交会接近方法是有效的。     

航天器编队飞行和空间演示验证技术——有人照料空间实验室与平动-转动物理仿真器

航天器编队飞行是近年来国内外航天领域研究的热点问题,同时也是空间技术今后一个重要发展方向。为此文章首先讨论航天器编队飞行特点;其次研究编队飞行今后能否获得顺利成功应用,有关它的各种算法和软件空间飞行演示验证技术和方法;最后介绍了美国麻省理工学院空间系统实验室（MITSSL）对航天器编队飞行算法软件空间演示验证的方法和实验。     

一种基于一致性理论的航天器编队飞行协同控制方法

为提高航天器编队飞行控制的协同性,研究了基于一致性理论的航天器编 队飞行协同控制方法。首先,讨论了航天器编队飞行中的一致性问题;其次,建立了航天器 编队飞行六自由度动力学模型;然后,应用一致性理论设计了非线性控制律,通过仿真验证 了控制方法有效,并且可以适用于动态的航天器编队飞行通信拓扑结构。
     

小卫星编队飞行关键技术及发展趋势分析

卫星编队飞行是空间技术发展的一个新领域.通过编队飞行可将多颗小卫星形成一颗大的"虚拟卫星",即空间任务的预定功能由编队中各个只担当单一功能的卫星分担,由此整个卫星群可实现强大的功能.实现卫星编队飞行需要保持和控制星群的编队构型,精确确定星间的相对位置和相对速度,即相对导航.卫星编队飞行的关键技术包括轨道设计、轨道演变及控制,星间链路、编队运行管理和测控,以及卫星的自主定位、定轨.叙述小卫星编队的基本原理、轨道构成和技术特征,分析实现编队飞行所需的关键技术,介绍各国编队飞行的现有计划及未来发展趋势.     

GPS-based relative navigation for the Proba-3 formation flying mission

The primary objective of the Proba-3 mission is to build a solar coronagraph composed of two satellites flying in close formation on a high elliptical orbit and tightly controlled at apogee. Both spacecraft will embark a low-cost GPS receiver, originally designed for low-Earth orbits, to support the mission operations and planning during the perigee passage, when the GPS constellation is visible. The paper demonstrates the possibility of extending the utilization range of the GPS-based navigation system to serve as sensor for formation acquisition and coarse formation keeping. The results presented in the paper aim at achieving an unprecedented degree of realism using a high-fidelity simulation environment with hardware-in-the-loop capabilities. A modified version of the flight-proven PRISMA navigation system, composed of two single-frequency Phoenix GPS receivers and an advanced real-time onboard navigation filter, has been retained for this analysis. For several-day long simulations, the GPS receivers are replaced by software emulation to accelerate the simulation process. Special attention has been paid to the receiver link budget and to the selection of a proper attitude profile. Overall the paper demonstrates that, despite a limited GPS tracking time, the onboard navigation filter gets enough measurements to perform a relative orbit determination accurate at the centimeter level at perigee. Afterwards, the orbit prediction performance depends mainly on the quality of the onboard modeling of the differential solar radiation pressure acting on the satellites. When not taken into account, this perturbation is responsible for relative navigation errors at apogee up to 50 m. The errors can be reduced to only 10 m if the navigation filter is able to model this disturbance with 70% fidelity.     

多传感器组合导航系统研究

设计了一种由INS、GPS和Doppler测速雷达构成的多传感器组合导航系统。采用GPS伪距、伪距率以及Doppler速度与INS组合 ,建立了其卡尔曼滤波方程 ,设计了飞行轨迹 ,给出了惯性元件精度较低时组合系统的仿真输出。仿真结果表明 ,多传感器组合导航系统能有效提高导航精度 ,降低对惯性元件的性能要求 ,是导航系统的发展方向     

PRISMA—A formation flying project in implementation phase

The PRISMA project for autonomous formation flying and rendezvous has passed its critical design review in February–March 2007. The project comprises two satellites which are an in-orbit testbed for Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) algorithms and sensors for advanced formation flying and rendezvous. Several experiments involving GNC algorithms, sensors and thrusters will be performed during a 10 month mission with launch planned for the second half of 2009.The project is run by the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) in close cooperation with the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the French Space Agency (CNES) and the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). Additionally, the project also will demonstrate flight worthiness of two novel motor technologies: one that uses environmentally clean and non-hazardous propellant, and one that consists of a microthruster system based on MEMS technology.The project will demonstrate autonomous formation flying and rendezvous based on several sensors—GPS, RF-based and vision based—with different objectives and in different combinations. The GPS-based onboard navigation system, contributed by DLR, offers relative orbit information in real-time in decimetre range. The RF-based navigation instrument intended for DARWIN, under CNES development, will be tested for the first time on PRISMA, both for instrument performance, but also in closed loop as main sensor for formation flying. Several rendezvous and proximity manoeuvre experiments will be demonstrated using only vision based sensor information coming from the modified star camera provided by DTU. Semi-autonomous operations ranging from 200 km to 1 m separation between the satellites will be demonstrated.With the project now in the verification phase particular attention is given to the specific formation flying and rendezvous functionality on instrument, GNC-software and system level.     

Validation on flight data of a closed-loop approach for GPS-based relative navigation of LEO satellites

This paper describes a carrier-phase differential GPS approach for real-time relative navigation of LEO satellites flying in formation with large separations. These applications are characterized indeed by a highly varying number of GPS satellites in common view and large ionospheric differential errors, which significantly impact relative navigation performance and robustness. To achieve high relative positioning accuracy a navigation algorithm is proposed which processes double-difference code and carrier measurements on two frequencies, to fully exploit the integer nature of the related ambiguities. Specifically, a closed-loop scheme is proposed in which fixed estimates of the baseline and integer ambiguities produced by means of a partial integer fixing step are fed back to an Extended Kalman Filter for improving the float estimate at successive time instants. The approach also benefits from the inclusion in the filter state of the differential ionospheric delay in terms of the Vertical Total Electron Content of each satellite. The navigation algorithm performance is tested on actual flight data from GRACE mission. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in managing integer unknowns in conjunction with Extended Kalman Filtering, and that centimeter-level accuracy can be achieved in real-time also with large separations.     

基于鲁棒卡尔曼滤波的编队卫星相对导航

为提高编队卫星相对导航精度和计算稳定性,采用鲁棒卡尔曼滤波进行相对位置和相对速度的估计.对星间相对动力学方程进行适应性改造,使其具有线性离散不确定性系统形式.以载波相位差分GPS为观测模型,采用鲁棒卡尔曼滤波进行相对状态估计.数值仿真结果表明,该算法相对于扩展卡尔曼滤波算法具有明显优势,导航精度更高、鲁棒性更强,具有一...     

地球同步轨道卫星编队飞行的区域性导航系统方案

卫星编队飞行组成虚拟平台 ,这是当前一个完全崭新和开拓性的研究课题。根据与时俱进 ,开拓创新的精神 ,本文提出一个地球同步轨道卫星编队飞行组成的区域性导航系统方案。这是至今为止在相同精度和相同覆盖区条件下卫星数量最少的 ,也是投资经费最低的导航系统方案     

System test results from the GNC experiments on the PRISMA in-orbit test bed

The PRISMA in-orbit test bed will demonstrate guidance, navigation, and control strategies for spacecraft formation flying and rendezvous. The project is funded by the Swedish National Space Board and the prime contractor is the Swedish Space Corporation. The project is further supported by the German Aerospace Center, the Technical University of Denmark, and the French Space Agency. PRISMA was launched on June 15, 2010 and after three weeks of operations, all on-board systems and units have passed an initial commissioning phase. Separation of the two PRISMA satellites from each other is expected by mid-August 2010.PRISMA consists of two spacecraft: MAIN and TARGET. The MAIN spacecraft has full orbit control capability while TARGET is attitude controlled only.The Swedish Space Corporation is responsible for three groups of guidance, navigation, and control experiments. These experiments include GPS- and vision-based formation flying during which the spacecraft will fly in passive as well as forced motion. The three experiments are: autonomous formation flying, proximity operations with final approach/recede maneuvers, and autonomous rendezvous. This paper presents system test results from two of these experiments as obtained with the flight-ready system. The system tests consist of a series of simulations performed on the flight model spacecraft with a large amount of hardware in the loop.