月基对地观测的特点与应用潜力分析

伴随着中国月球探测计划的进展, 特别是载人登月计划的实施, 建设综合性的月球科研基地已成为正在设计和即将实施的国家规划. 为了充分发挥月球科研基地的作用, 针对月基对地观测特点和潜在应用展开分析. 根据月球轨道的独特视角, 从地球系统科学、可持续发展、空间物理和空间环境监测等方面讨论多个相关需求和潜在的研究方向. 这些需求和研究方向能够为无人或载人月球科研基地的设计, 以及制定未来发展规划提供必要参考. 同时, 这些思考和建议也为地球系统科学研究提供了新的研究视角.     

多约束条件下探测器击中月球的轨道设计

讨论了探测器从低高度圆型地球停泊轨道出发，沿速度方向施加脉冲推力进入登月轨道，不加制导自由飞行击中月球的轨道设计问题。考虑的约束条件包括：①着月点光照；②探测器通视；③登月轨道初速及飞行时间限制；④着月时探测器相对月面落速大小和方向限制；等等。利用理论分析和简化假设，考虑节省能量、约束条件①和②，给出了着月区域、着月日期段、着月时刻段的选择方法及算例；基于数据分析和大量计算，考虑约束条件③和④，给出了确定标准轨道的方法和算例。该思路和方法经数值仿真验证是高效实用的，可为实际工程的登月轨道设计提供重要依据     

On the lunar node resonance of the orbital plane evolution of the Earth’s satellite orbits

This paper aims to investigate the effects of lunar node resonance on the circular medium Earth orbits (MEO). The dynamical model is established in classical Hamiltonian systems with the application of Lie transform to remove the non-resonant terms. Resonant condition, stability and phase structures are studied. The lunar node resonance occurs when the secular changing rates of the orbital node (with respect to the equator) and the lunar node (with respect to the ecliptic) form a simple integer ratio. The resonant conditions are satisfied for both inclined and equatorial orbits. The orbital plane would have long period (with typical timescales of several centuries) fluctuation due to the resonance.     

2012–2014 China's Earth Observation and Earth Science Development

Human beings are now facing global and regional sustainable development challenges.In China, Earth observation data play a fundamental role in Earth system science research. The support given by Earth observation data is required by many studies, including those on Earth's limited natural resources, the rapid development of economic and social needs, global change, extreme events, food security, water resources, sustainable economic and urban development, and emergency response. Application operation systems in many ministries and departments in China have entered a stage of sustainable development, and the State Key Project of High-Resolution Earth Observation Systems has been progressing since 2006. Earth observation technology in China has entered a period of rapid development.     

Progress of 2014—2016 China's Earth Observation and Earth Science

The support given by Earth observation data and Earth system science play an increasingly important role in global change, regional sustainable development, extreme events, and the development of social and economic needs. This field is also moving towards systematization, platforms, and standardized development. In December 2015, nearly 200 parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed in Paris to make arrangements for global action in response to climate change by 2020. China jointly issued a climate change adaptation strategy for cities in 2016 and then elevated national action to respond to climate change. China's Earth Observation and Earth Science development is facing new challenges as it supports the national civil space infrastructure and high-resolution Earth observation system.     

Lunar exosphere influence on lunar-based near-ultraviolet astronomical observations

The potential effect of the lunar exosphere on the near-ultraviolet sky background emission is predicted for Lunar-based Ultraviolet Telescope (LUT: a funded Chinese scientific payload for the Chang’e-III mission). Using the upper limit on the OH concentration inferred from the recent MIP CHACE results, our calculations show that the sky brightness due to the illuminated exosphere is <8.7 photons⁻¹ cm⁻² arcsec⁻² within the wavelength range 245–340 nm. By evaluating the signal-to-noise ratios of observations of an AB = 13 mag point source at a series of sky background levels, our analysis indicates that the detection performance of LUT can be moderately degraded by the lunar exosphere emission in most cases. An AB = 13 mag point source can still be detected by the telescope at a signal-to-noise ratio more than 8 when the OH concentration is less than 2 × 10⁸ molecules cm⁻³. However, the effect on the performance is considerable when the exosphere is as dense as suggested by CHACE.     

SPACE CHEMISTRY RESEARCHES IN CHINA DURING 2000-2001

Over the past two years, significant progress in space chemistry has been made in China. The research fields include meteorites, pre-solar materials, science researches of the moon, effects of the space debris on space environment, and heterogeneity of the Earth. Chinese Lunar Exploration Project Some studies are also dedicated to one important space mission "Chinese Lunar Exploration Project". In this paper, the main achievements are outlined, and some concepts and hypotheses are briefly revised.     

Space telescope and cosmology

The status of institutional arrangements and of the hardware development for Space Telescope are highlighted. After a brief summary of instrument characteristics, some examples are given on the possible use of the ST to study objects of interest to cosmology.     

国外高分辨率对地成像观测系统现状与发展趋势

分析了国外以光学、雷达、高光谱载荷为主的高分辨率对地成像观测系统的现状和发展趋势,旨在为我国新一代高分辨率对地观测系统提供参考。研究表明：随着微纳卫星、高性能载荷、人工智能等关键技术的快速发展和应用,国外规划的新一代对地观测系统以智能小卫星集群为主,卫星平台研究集中于高性能微纳卫星、软件定义卫星、小卫星群组;载荷研究在提高载荷时间、空间、光谱分辨率的基础上,智能化、一体化、轻小型化是未来的发展趋势。     

ESA部长级会议确定未来发展方向和投资水平

2022年11月22‒23日,欧洲空间局（ESA）成员国部长级会议在法国巴黎召开,决定共同投资约169亿欧元开展各项空间活动和计划,相比2019年部长级会议,投资额大幅增长17%。ESA将通过在对地观测、科学计划、载人和无人探索、通信与综合应用、导航、空间安全、空间运输、技术等重点领域的投资,加强其在空间领域的自主性、领先地位和可持续发展能力。     

对地观测卫星姿态非线性控制方法

针对对地观测卫星姿态控制系统 ,着重考虑干扰、噪声对卫星姿态稳定度的影响。忽略耦合和挠性部件影响 ,也不考虑敏感器和执行机构的动态特性 ,针对卫星定向模式的主调节器设计问题构造了一种简单实用的非线性控制器 ,并分析和验证了该非线性控制器的有效性。     

NASA2023年度进展与成果回顾

2023年美国国家航空航天局(NASA)继续努力突破空间探索极限,探索空天未知领域,在月球至火星、气候与地球科学、载人航天、太阳系及以远、空间技术创新、航空技术等方面持续产出新的科学发现,并对这些科学发现进行广泛宣传,从而吸引人们关注空间探索,例如:NASA制定月球至火星载人深空探索体系化蓝图,阿尔忒弥斯载人月球探索计划系列任务和各系统研制持续推进,詹姆斯·韦伯空间望远镜发现有史以来观测到的最远星系、恒星和黑洞,多项小行星探测任务取得重要进展,天基和空基平台共同助力理解变化中的地球,成功验证16×106 km深空光通信,开发新型跨音速验证机X-66A等,并激励和引导下一代关注和参与空间探索.     

CDAS 20m 天线分系统设计

ＣＤＡＳ天线分系统主要由天线机械结构、馈电网络、天线控制及微机监控几部分组成。天线采用２０ｍ卡塞格伦式天线,馈源为波纹喇叭,多模单脉冲自跟踪方案;利用轴角编码器构成伺服位置环;由三相可控硅功放及伺服直流电机驱动天线;双电机克服齿隙影响;天线具有多种工作方式,操控方便;监控微机对系统统一监控并完成故障实时在线检测功能。     

THE SPACE APPLICATION ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CHINESE UNMANNED SPACECRAFT "SZ-3"

During the 3rd mission of Chinese Unmanned Spacecraft the application sys tem of "SZ-3" (Shenzhou, a divine ship) gets a great success, all its goals are achieved. Many areas of science and breakthrough technology, including earth observation, earth environment monitoring, space material, space life science etc., are carried out in the mission. There are 44 payload instruments totally.All the instruments are working well during the orbit flight and a lot of good results are obtained. Many areas, for example the moderate resolution imag ing spectroradiometer, the solar ultraviolet spectral irradiance monitor and the space protein crystallization facility perform better than required and expected.A brief introduction of the experiments and the achievements of the mission is given in this paper.     

大气电场综合观测设备的设计

大气电场反映了地球近地表大气对气象活动、太阳活动与地质活动的综合响应。实现大气电场与气象参数及地磁活动指数等参数的综合测量,对雷电活动、地质灾害和磁暴活动等的研究具有重要意义。 设计开发了一种大气电场综合观测设备,能够同时测量包含温度、相对湿度、风速和大气电场等多个参数,在大气电场探测原理的基础上给出了大气电场综合观测设备的详细设计和电场标定过程。 通过对该设备在北京市十三陵台站实测数据的分析,与中国科学院国家空间科学中心FAMEMS-DF02电场仪以及中国气象网发布的气象数据进行对比,结果表明各气象参数99%的时刻对应误差不超过±10%,平均误差不超过±3%,而电场数据的平均误差为±0.166 kV·m^–1。