颗粒冲刷对绝热层烧蚀影响的实验研究

设计了两套冲刷状态可调的烧蚀实验发动机，开展了颗粒冲刷对绝热层烧蚀影响的实验研究。结果表明，冲刷速度是影响绝热层烧蚀的最主要因素；颗粒冲刷速度较低时，即使颗粒浓度很高，烧蚀率也并不是很大；对烧蚀数据进行的回归分析表明，最大线烧蚀率与颗粒冲刷速度平方接近正比关系，而颗粒浓度的影响非常小。     

存在剥离条件下颗粒物沉积过程的数值研究和实验验证

为了更加准确地模拟涡轮叶片表面颗粒物沉积的增长过程和分布状况,研究颗粒物沉积过程中粘附、剥离直至稳定平衡的规律,在经改进的颗粒粘附模型基础上考虑两种剥离形式,利用Fluent的User Defined Function (UDF)功能和网格重构技术,最终实现了熔融石蜡颗粒于带有气膜冷却的平板上沉积动态增长的过程。通过与相同条件下所得实验结果的对比,验证了所用模型的有效性和合理性。随后研究了是否加入剥离模型、气膜冷却吹风比、气膜孔射流角度等因素对沉积效果的影响。计算结果表明,考虑颗粒的剥离效应将减少颗粒物沉积的总量,尤其是在气膜孔后较短区域内;此外,吹风比的增加将使颗粒不易撞击壁面,已粘附的颗粒也更容易剥离从而降低沉积的厚度和质量;射流角度不断增大则使气膜覆盖效果变差,壁面温度升高,颗粒更易达到熔融状态沉积下来。研究发现该数值方法有助于更加精确地仿真沉积增长的过程,证实了吹风比和射流角度对沉积的分布和厚度有很大影响。当射流角度处于35°～40°时,可在一定程度上减少沉积。     

Compression Creep Behavior of High Volume Fraction of SiC Particles Reinforced Al Composite Fabricated by Pressureless Infiltration

The compression creep deformation of the high volume fraction of SiC particles reinforced Al-Mg-Si composite fabricated by pressure-less infiltration was investigated. The experimental results show that the creep stress exponents are very high at temperatures of 673 K, 723 K and 773 K, and if taking the threshold stress into account, the true stress exponent of minimum creep strain rate is still approximately 5, although the volume fraction of reinforcements is very high. The creep strain rate in the high volume fraction rein- forced aluminum alloy matrix composites is controlled by matrix lattice diffusion. It is found that the creep-strengthening effect of high volume fraction of silicon carbide particles is significant, although the particles do not form effective obstacles to dislocation motion.     

原位自生MAX 相增强TiAl 基复合材料

叙述了近年来国内外原位自生MAX相增强TiAl基复合材料的研究进展。叙述了MAX相结构和性能,MAX相增强TiAl基复合材料的原位合成工艺的研究进展及原位合成机理,并对复合材料的微观组织、界面结构以及力学性能进行了综述,最后对其应用进行展望。     

粒子分离器气动特性数值研究

本文利用张量分析建立了三维贴体坐标系上的通用输运方程;采用贴体网格计算了粒子分离器二相流的三维流场;建立了三维的粒子运动轨迹微分方程,理论上分析了粒子分离器结构设计对其性能的影响,与试验结果吻合较好。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

模拟过载条件下EPDM绝热层烧蚀实验

用一种粒子浓度、速度和角度可调的高过载模拟烧蚀发动机,开展过载条件下粒子冲刷对EPDM绝热层烧蚀特性影响的实验研究。实验结果表明:(1)存在一个临界速度,当冲刷速度低于临界速度时,粒子浓度,速度和角度对炭化烧蚀率影响较小,而当冲刷速度高于临界速度时,炭化烧蚀率随速度的增加而急剧增加,角度影响也较大。(2)弱冲刷条件下的炭化层表面平整,而粒子沉积条件下的炭化层表面附着有很多大粒径的粒子,炭化层结构也更加疏松,而强冲刷条件下,粒子由于速度较高而不易在炭化层表面沉积。(3)当低于临界速度冲刷时,炭化层的孔隙结构分布不均匀,存在致密/疏松分层结构,而高于临界速度冲刷时,炭化层结构则更为致密。(4)通过多元回归得到了炭化烧蚀率与粒子冲刷速度,浓度和角度的经验关系式。     

Reduced meteoric smoke particle density at the summer pole – Implications for mesospheric ice particle nucleation

Noctilucent clouds (NLC) and polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) are phenomena that occur in the summertime polar regions due to the presence of ice particles around the mesopause. That ice particles are able to form in a region with such low water vapour concentration as the mesopause is noteworthy. Even though the summer mesopause is the coldest region on Earth, temperatures are generally not low enough for homogeneous nucleation to occur, which necessitates the presence of pre-existing condensation nuclei. The nature of these nuclei has long puzzled the scientific community and many candidates have been suggested, such as particles of meteoric origin, ion clusters, sodium bi-carbonate, sulfate aerosols and soot particles. Out of these the so-called “smoke particles”, i.e. particles re-condensed from ablated meteoritic material, have long been considered the most likely. Generally, it has been believed that these particles exist in numbers of the order of thousands per cubic centimetre at the mesopause. This belief is based on 1-dimensional studies of meteoric material. A recent 2-dimensional model study, which includes the atmospheric circulation from summer to winter pole however, suggests much lower number densities at the summer mesopause. We here investigate the implications of low number densities for the formation of ice particles. We find that even though resulting ice particle distribution may produce typical NLC brightness, the number density of ice particles is not consistent with what is expected for NLC and PMSE. In particular, it is much lower than the ice particle concentration (>1000 cm⁻³) typically expected to explain the “electron bite-outs” that are frequently observed in the vicinity of PMSE’s. We therefore re-examine the assumptions and parameters that determine the smoke distribution. We show that even though the number of condensation nuclei at the polar summer mesopause can be increased within the uncertainties, the results in most scenarios remain insufficient. We show that charged particles, perhaps in combination with significant deviations from the mean mesospheric state, may be necessary for condensation of ice particles in the polar summer mesosphere. Hence, we raise the question whether the conventional ideas of nucleation on meteoric smoke, which are used in current mesospheric ice models, are correct.     

Feasibility study of astronaut standardized career dose limits in LEO and the outlook for BLEO

Cosmic Study Group SG 3.19/1.10 was established in February 2013 under the aegis of the International Academy of Astronautics to consider and compare the dose limits adopted by various space agencies for astronauts in Low Earth Orbit. A preliminary definition of the limits that might later be adopted by crews exploring Beyond Low Earth Orbit was, in addition, to be made. The present paper presents preliminary results of the study reported at a Symposium held in Turin by the Academy in July 2013. First, an account is provided of exposure limits assigned by various partner space agencies to those of their astronauts that work aboard the International Space Station. Then, gaps in the scientific and technical information required to safely implement human missions beyond the shielding provided by the geomagnetic field (to the Moon, Mars and beyond) are identified. Among many recommendations for actions to mitigate the health risks potentially posed to personnel Beyond Low Earth Orbit is the development of a preliminary concept for a Human Space Awareness System to: provide for crewed missions the means of prompt onboard detection of the ambient arrival of hazardous particles; develop a strategy for the implementation of onboard responses to hazardous radiation levels; support modeling/model validation that would enable reliable predictions to be made of the arrival of hazardous radiation at a distant spacecraft; provide for the timely transmission of particle alerts to a distant crewed vehicle at an emergency frequency using suitably located support spacecraft. Implementation of the various recommendations of the study can be realized based on a two pronged strategy whereby Space Agencies/Space Companies/Private Entrepreneurial Organizations etc. address the mastering of required key technologies (e.g. fast transportation; customized spacecraft design) while the International Academy of Astronautics, in a role of handling global international co-operation, organizes complementary studies aimed at harnessing the strengths and facilities of emerging nations in investigating/solving related problems (e.g. advanced space radiation modeling/model validation; predicting the arrivals of Solar Energetic Particles and shocks at a distant spacecraft). Ongoing progress in pursuing these complementary parallel programs could be jointly reviewed bi-annually by the Space Agencies and the International Academy of Astronautics so as to maintain momentum and direction in globally progressing towards feasible human exploration of interplanetary space.