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Electron and proton acceleration by a super-Dreicer electric field is further investigated in a non-neutral reconnecting current
sheet (RCS) with a variable plasma density. The tangential B
z
and transverse magnetic field components B
x
are assumed to vary with the distances x and z from the X nullpoint linearly and exponentially, respectively; the longitudinal component (a ‘guiding field’) is accepted
constant. Particles are found to gain a bulk of their energy in a thin region close to the X nullpoint where the RCS density
increases with z exponentially with the index λ and the tangential magnetic field B
x
also increases with z exponentially with the index α. For the RCS with a constant density (λ = 0), the variations of the tangential magnetic field
lead to particle power-law energy spectra with the spectral indices γ1 being dependent on the exponent α as:
for protons and
for electrons in a strong guiding field (β > 10−2) and
for electrons in a moderate or weak guiding field (β > 10−4). For the RCS with an exponential density increase in the vicinity of the X nullpoint (λ≥ 0) there is a further increase
of the resulting spectral indices γ that depends on the density exponent index λ as
for protons and for electrons in weaker guiding fields and as
for electrons in stronger guiding fields. These dependencies can explain a wide variety (1.5–10) of particle spectral indices
observed in solar flares by the variations of a magnetic field topology and physical conditions in a reconnecting region.
This can be used as a diagnostic tool for the investigation of the RCS dynamics from the accelerated particle spectra found
from hard X-ray and microwave emission. 相似文献
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M. Yamauchi Y. Futaana A. Fedorov E. Dubinin R. Lundin J.-A. Sauvaud D. Winningham R. Frahm S. Barabash M. Holmstrom J. Woch M. Fraenz E. Budnik H. Borg J. R. Sharber A. J. Coates Y. Soobiah H. Koskinen E. Kallio K. Asamura H. Hayakawa C. Curtis K. C. Hsieh B. R. Sandel M. Grande A. Grigoriev P. Wurz S. Orsini P. Brandt S. Mckenna-Lawler J. Kozyra J. Luhmann 《Space Science Reviews》2006,126(1-4):239-266
Although the Mars Express (MEX) does not carry a magnetometer, it is in principle possible to derive the interplanetary magnetic
field (IMF) orientation from the three dimensional velocity distribution of pick-up ions measured by the Ion Mass Analyser
(IMA) on board MEX because pick-up ions' orbits, in velocity phase space, are expected to gyrate around the IMF when the IMF
is relatively uniform on a scale larger than the proton gyroradius. During bow shock outbound crossings, MEX often observed
cycloid distributions (two dimensional partial ring distributions in velocity phase space) of protons in a narrow channel
of the IMA detector (only one azimuth for many polar angles). We show two such examples. Three different methods are used
to derive the IMF orientation from the observed cycloid distributions. One method is intuitive (intuitive method), while the
others derive the minimum variance direction of the velocity vectors for the observed ring ions. These velocity vectors are
selected either manually (manual method) or automatically using simple filters (automatic method). While the intuitive method
and the manual method provide similar IMF orientations by which the observed cycloid distribution is well arranged into a
partial circle (representing gyration) and constant parallel velocity, the automatic method failed to arrange the data to
the degree of the manual method, yielding about a 30° offset in the estimated IMF direction. The uncertainty of the derived
IMF orientation is strongly affected by the instrument resolution. The source population for these ring distributions is most
likely newly ionized hydrogen atoms, which are picked up by the solar wind. 相似文献
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讨论了一种微重力火箭总体设计中减旋方案,飞行载荷,气动加热与壁温计算等几个关键问题。结合该火箭的具体特点,提出了一种简单实用的被动式减旋措施,即,安装反旋尾翼及辅助减旋机构,并分析了减旋与动稳定性的关系。对超高音速火箭的飞行载荷和气动热进行了分析计算。 相似文献
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