如何实现学生从中学物理到大学物理学习的转变

实现学生从中学物理学习到大学物理学习转变的关键是借助高等数学所揭示的数学方法的思想内涵 ,建立起从中学物理的不变到大学物理中变、从宏观到微观、从近似到精确这样一种贯穿于物理学始终的辩证唯物主义物理观。     

Framework and development of data-driven physics based model with application in dimensional accuracy prediction in pocket milling

In the manufacturing of thin wall components for aerospace industry, apart from the side wall contour error, the Remaining Bottom Thickness Error (RBTE) for the thin-wall pocket component (e.g. rocket shell) is of the same importance but overlooked in current research. If the RBTE reduces by 30%, the weight reduction of the entire component will reach up to tens of kilograms while improving the dynamic balance performance of the large component. Current RBTE control requires the off-process measurement of limited discrete points on the component bottom to provide the reference value for compensation. This leads to incompleteness in the remaining bottom thickness control and redundant measurement in manufacturing. In this paper, the framework of data-driven physics based model is proposed and developed for the real-time prediction of critical quality for large components, which enables accurate prediction and compensation of RBTE value for the thin wall components. The physics based model considers the primary root cause, in terms of tool deflection and clamping stiffness induced Axial Material Removal Thickness (AMRT) variation, for the RBTE formation. And to incorporate the dynamic and inherent coupling of the complicated manufacturing system, the multi-feature fusion and machine learning algorithm, i.e. kernel Principal Component Analysis (kPCA) and kernel Support Vector Regression (kSVR), are incorporated with the physics based model. Therefore, the proposed data-driven physics based model combines both process mechanism and the system disturbance to achieve better prediction accuracy. The final verification experiment is implemented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method for dimensional accuracy prediction in pocket milling, and the prediction accuracy of AMRT achieves 0.014 mm and 0.019 mm for straight and corner milling, respectively.     

铷频标物理系统的改进研究

物理系统是铷频标的核心部件,通过分析影响频率稳定度的因素,对物理系统内部结构进行了改进。改进后的物理系统采用分离滤光的三泡结构,增加了光学滤光技术,此外,物理系统还选用了磁控管微波腔。经测试,改进后的铷频标温度系数为9.7×10^-14/℃,频率稳定度约为1×10^-12/τ（1s≤τ≤10 000s）。     

γ辐照对铷频标物理部分参数影响的研究

通过γ辐照试验,分析了辐照对铷频标物理部分各项参数的影响。辐照后,振荡回路的电流变化对频标准确度的影响可忽略不计;光电二极管受辐照后会使短期稳定度变差,辐照剂量率小于1 400 rad（Si）/h,不会对频标的短稳性能产生显著影响;控温电路受辐照后会引起控温点移动,从而改变频率准确度。     

A critique of reliability prediction techniques for avionics applications

Avionics (aeronautics and aerospace) industries must rely on components and systems of demonstrated high reliability. For this, handbook-based methods have been traditionally used to design for reliability, develop test plans, and define maintenance requirements and sustainment logistics. However, these methods have been criticized as flawed and leading to inaccurate and misleading results. In its recent report on enhancing defense system reliability, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has recently discredited these methods, judging the Military Handbook (MIL-HDBK-217) and its progeny as invalid and inaccurate. This paper discusses the issues that arise with the use of handbook-based methods in commercial and military avionics applications. Alternative approaches to reliability design (and its demonstration) are also discussed, including similarity analysis, testing, physics-of-failure, and data analytics for prognostics and systems health management.     

迟到131年的证明:普适时间反演不变性禁止任何可逆性

指出并纠正了物理学中关于时间反演的科学观念问题上的错误.根据物理学中的时间反演的定义,经过严格数学逻辑推理证明并应用了图示加以说明;证明了任何物理过程的时间反演过程是原过程的空间图像本身.还证明了所有物理理论都具有时间反演不变性,即在物理学中,时间反演不变性是普适的.物理理论的时间反演不变性不表示以往理论所认为的是过程的可逆性.同时指出,历来把物理过程的时间反演过程看作原过程的逆过程,并解释为原过程电影的倒映是错误的.历来把时间反演不变性看作过程的可逆性也是完全错误的.物理学中不存在由时间反演导致的可逆性.由此消除了物理学中如"可逆佯谬"这样的矛盾,使物理学变得完美和统一.最后解释了时间反演的物理图像,指出了时间反演变换的物理意义.     

The scientific payload of the space-based Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)

The space-based Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is a joint venture of ESA and NASA within the frame of the Solar Terrestrial Science Programme (STSP), the first Cornerstone of ESA's long-term programme Space Science — Horizon 2000. The principal scientific objectives of the SOHO mission are: a) a better understanding of the structure and dynamics of the solar interior using techniques of helioseismology, and b) a better insight into the physical processes that form and heat the Sun's corona, maintain it and give rise to its acceleration into the solar wind. To achieve these goals, SOHO carries a payload consisting of 12 sets of complementary instruments which are briefly described here.     

微重力效应的物理解释及其应用

讨论了微重力效应及其分子物理学解释，万有引力的单极性决定了它的累积性和宏观性，重力对自由分子的影响是微科其微的，然而在流钵，特别是在液体内部的具体条件下，重力对流体内部分子集团产生明显影响，以宏观的静压强形式表现出来。而当重力变小，变微，流体内部的静压强也就趋于消失，由静压强产生的二级现象，如异相沉降或浮泛。同相的浮泛对流，液体自约束成球形，也就消失，这些就是微重力的一，二级物理效应，本文认为，Bossinesq近似对于流体而言实质上是线性热力学假设或近平衡态假设，可以用初始平衡态的物性参量表征临界点时的无量纳数，提出一种重力消失诱发非平衡态向平衡态蜕变的猜想，从文中导出的瑞利数Rα的表达式可以看出，重力加速度的消失，可以使瑞利数的值从远离平衡态的湍流蜕变到稳定流动的瑞利－贝纳对流胞，甚至是没有宏观流动的平衡态，最后，将本文给出的理论解释模型应用到空间材料加工所需微重力水平的估算、窨材料加工工艺的微重力利用准则和空间装置中气体自然对流传热状态模拟的低真空和微重力的互换性方面。     

铷原子钟物理部分的低剂量率辐射效应研究

铷原子钟物理部分是铷原子钟的原子鉴频器,决定铷原子钟的短期和长期稳定度（1s以上）,其中使用了金属铷、玻璃、镍铁合金等材料和一些双极性晶体管、运算放大器等器件,其核心部件铷泡是一个采用特殊真空工艺制造的器件,这些材料、器件和工艺的低剂量率辐射效应需要实验评价。本文提出并完成了铷原子钟物理部分的低剂量率辐射实验,采用Co60γ源,辐射剂量率0.01rad（Si）/s,总剂量50krad（Si）,对铷原子钟物理部分和铷泡的辐射效应分别进行了实验评估。这项研究更加真实地逼近了空间的电离辐射,实验数据对于星载铷原子钟的在轨运行监测和下一代星载铷原子钟的抗辐射设计具有重要的作用。