A survey of safety separation management and collision avoidance approaches of civil UAS operating in integration national airspace system

Recent years have witnessed a booming of the industry of civil Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). As an emerging industry, the UAS industry has been attracting great attention from governments of all countries and the aviation industry. UAS are highly digitalized, informationized, and intelligent; therefore, their integration into the national airspace system has become an important trend in the development of civil aviation. However, the complexity of UAS operation poses great challenges to the traditional aviation regulatory system and technical means. How to prevent collisions between UASs and between UAS and manned aircraft to achieve safe and efficient operation in the integrated operating airspace has become a common challenge for industry and academia around the world. In recent years, the international community has carried out a great amount of work and experiments in the air traffic management of UAS and some of the key technologies. This paper attempts to make a review of the UAS separation management and key technologies in collision avoidance in the integrated airspace, mainly focusing on the current situation of UAS Traffic Management (UTM), safety separation standards, detection system, collision risk prediction, collision avoidance, safety risk assessment, etc., as well as an analysis of the bottlenecks that the current researches encountered and their development trends, so as to provide some insights and references for further research in this regard. Finally, this paper makes a further summary of some of the research highlights and challenges.     

差分卫星定位技术及其在武器系统中的应用

差分卫星定位系统可以极大地提高卫星定位的精度,但也有使用、维护复杂等缺点。针对差分卫星定位的特性,首先阐述了卫星差分定位的基本原理,分析了卫星定位误差源,并介绍了差分定位系统对各种误差的修正情况,然后介绍了差分定位系统的分类、方法及发展,其中详细介绍了在武器系统领域中应用较广的局域差分系统的各种方法及其优缺点;最后,对差分系统的实际应用进行了阐述,并重点探讨了其在进攻性武器及防御性武器领域实现应用的可行性。     

An innovative approach for integrated airline network and aircraft family optimization

The determination of optimal aerial transport networks and their associated flight frequencies is crucial for the strategic planning of airlines, as well as for carrying out market research, to establish target markets, and for aircraft and crew rostering. In addition, optimum airplane types for the selected networks are crucial to improve revenue and to provide reduced operating costs. The present study proposes an innovative approach to determine the optimal aerial transport network simultaneously with the determination of the optimum fleet for that network, composed of three types of airplanes (network and vehicle integrated design). The network profit is maximized. The passenger’s demands between the airports are determined via a gravitational model. An embedded linear programming solution is responsible for obtaining potential optimal network configurations. The optimum fleet combination is determined from a database of candidate aircraft designs via genetic algorithm. A truly realistic airplane representation is made possible thanks to accurate surrogate models for engine and aerodynamics is adopted. An accurate engine deck encompassing a compression map and an innovative engine weight calculation besides an aerodynamical artificial neural network module enable a high degree of accuracy for the mission analysis. The proposed methodology is applied to obtain the optimum network comprised of twenty main Brazilian airports and corresponding fleet.     

导弹防御系统的弹道导弹突防

根据美国国家导弹防御系统(NMD)的防御特点，提出了弹道导弹突防的以核攻核、近距离攻击和攻击天基信息链，以及饱和式多波次攻击、电磁脉冲弹头、机动发射平台、多弹头和单弹头突防等不同的战略战术，并分析了采用的不同弹头、释放有源或无源干扰物、隐身和反探测、助推段机动，以及旋转导弹和弹头等技术。     

空袭目标威胁评估模型研究

以航路捷径、目标类型、机动特性、到达发射区近界的剩余时间，以及电子干扰为主要影响因素，结合多通道防空武器系统的特点，建立了基于层次分析法和模糊综合决策法的空袭目标威胁评估模型。用层次分析法确定各因素权重，以分段函数的形式给出权重系数。针对一给定的中程防空武器系统，用模糊统计计算各影响因素的隶属函数，并给出了模型的计算流程。仿真结果表明，所设计的模型能较准确地评估来袭目标的危险性，且具有较高的灵敏度。     

毫米波导引头的技术特点

论述了空空导弹毫米波导引头的主要技术特点及其在工程应用中存在的若干问题。着重讨论了空空导弹毫米波导引头较红外和微波导引头在分辨力、反隐身和抗干扰方面的技术优势，并就毫米波导引头在探测与跟踪、大功率器件研制和毫米波器件的精密加工等关键技术问题进行了分析。     

挠性卫星振动抑制的变结构主动控制方案及实验研究

文章从工程角度出发，以具有挠性太阳帆板的卫星为背景，着重研究了挠性空间结构的低阶模型变结构控制方案。针对卫星的“飞轮—喷气”执行机构工作模式设计了算法简单的变结构控制律，并基于单轴气浮台全物理仿真系统成功地进行了国内首次挠性结构振动主动控制实验，取得了显著的控制效果。     

基于推力加速度模板的主动段弹道跟踪方法

对弹道导弹的主动段跟踪是导弹防御中重要的环节。针对此问题提出了一种基于推力加速度模板的主动段跟踪算法，该算法需要主动段推力加速度信息支持。给出了一种简捷的推力加速度模板构建方法。利用近常速运动模型描述了导弹运动特性，解决了对导弹发射时间的估计问题和模板概率的递推计算问题，并将该方法应用到空间预警系统中，通过仿真验证了该方法具有较好的识别效果，位置和速度估计误差都接近于CRLB限。     

美国导弹防御系统的演化发展与关键技术

较详细地评述了美国导弹防御系统五个发展阶段的演化发展情况，重点介绍了各阶段的研究进展和所取得的主要成果；简要介绍了导弹防御系统的试验结果与最新动态。最后，探讨了这些关键技术对我军武器装备发展的影响。     

用预测法量化防空导弹武器系统效能的研究

针对当前分析人员难于求解防空导弹武器系统总体效能值，提出了一套量化系统效能中的系统能力向量Ｃ的方法。对该方法作了详细的论述，并用该方法量度了一些防空导弹武器系统的总体系统效能。分析得到的结果是令人满意的，从而进一步解决了如何通过较理想的效能模型，全面地预测防空导弹武器系统在给定条件下完成规定任务的能力问题。