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1.
Examination of the spatial distribution of CO intensity of Comet Halley indicates that a large fraction of CO originates from
the refractory organic component in the coma, rather than directly from the volatiles in the nucleus. Based on the fluffy
aggregate interstellar dust comet model, we have estimated the upper limits of the total amount of CO provided by coma dust.
The implications from the comparison of the predicted results with the observed value have been discussed.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
M. Ishiguro Y. Sarugaku S. Nishihara Y. Nakada S. Nishiura T. Soyano K. Tarusawa T. Mukai S.M. Kwon S. Hasegawa F. Usui M. Ueno 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
Cometary dust trails were first observed by IRAS; they are widely known to be the origins of meteoric showers. A new window has been opened for the study of dust trails, using ground-based observations. We succeeded in obtaining direct images of the 22P/Kopff dust trail with the Kiso 1.05-m Schmidt telescope. Following this initial success, we have continued to perform a dust trail survey at Kiso. As a result of this survey, we have detected dust trails along the orbit of six periodic comets, between February 2002 and March 2004. The optical depth of these dust trails are 10−9 to 10−8, which is consistent with IRAS measurements. In this paper, we describe the observations and data reduction procedures, and report the brief result obtained between February 2002 and March 2004. 相似文献
3.
It is commonly believed that comets are made of primordial material. As a consequence, they can reveal more information about
the origin of our solar system. To interpret the coma composition measurements of comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko that will be
collected by the Rosetta mission, models of the coma chemistry have to be constructed. However, programming the chemistry
of a cometary coma is extremely complex due to the large number of species and reactions involved. Moreover, such a program
needs to be very flexible as one may want to extend, change, or update the set of species, reactions, and reaction rates.
Therefore, we developed software to manage a database of species and reactions and to generate code automatically to compute
source/loss balances. This database includes the data from the UMIST database and the ion–molecule reactions collected by
V.G. Anicich. To use all these databases together, a lot of practical problems need to be solved, but the result is an enormous
source of information about chemical reactions that can be used in chemical models, not only for comets but also for other
applications. 相似文献
4.
Deuterium fractionations in cometary ices provide important clues to the origin and evolution of comets. Mass spectrometers
aboard spaceprobe Giotto revealed the first accurate D/H ratios in the water of Comet 1P/Halley. Ground-based observations
of HDO in Comets C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), the detection of DCN in Comet Hale-Bopp, and upper limits
for several other D-bearing molecules complement our limited sample of D/H measurements. On the basis of this data set all
Oort cloud comets seem to exhibit a similar
ratio in H2O, enriched by about a factor of two relative to terrestrial water and approximately one order of magnitude relative to the
protosolar value. Oort cloud comets, and by inference also classical short-period comets derived from the Kuiper Belt cannot
be the only source for the Earth's oceans. The cometary O/C ratio and dynamical reasons make it difficult to defend an early
influx of icy planetesimals from the Jupiter zone to the early Earth. D/H measurements of OH groups in phyllosilicate rich
meteorites suggest a mixture of cometary water and water adsorbed from the nebula by the rocky grains that formed the bulk
of the Earth may be responsible for the terrestrial D/H. The D/H ratio in cometary HCN is 7 times higher than the value in
cometary H2O. Species-dependent D-fractionations occur at low temperatures and low gas densities via ion-molecule or grain-surface reactions and cannot be explained by a pure solar nebula chemistry. It is plausible that cometary
volatiles preserved the interstellar D fractionation. The observed D abundances set a lower limit to the formation temperature
of (30 ± 10) K. Similar numbers can be derived from the ortho-to-para ratio in cometary water, from the absence of neon in
cometary ices and the presence of S2. Noble gases on Earth and Mars, and the relative abundance of cometary hydrocarbons place the comet formation temperature
near 50 K. So far all cometary D/H measurements refer to bulk compositions, and it is conceivable that significant departures
from the mean value could occur at the grain-size level. Strong isotope effects as a result of coma chemistry can be excluded
for molecules H2O and HCN. A comparison of the cometary
ratio with values found in the atmospheres of the outer planets is consistent with the long-held idea that the gas planets
formed around icy cores with a high cometary D/H ratio and subsequently accumulated significant amounts of H2 from the solar nebula with a low protosolar D/H.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
For the majority of near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) impact scenarios, optimal deflection strategies use a massive impactor or a nuclear explosive, either of which produce an impulsive change to the orbit of the object. However, uncertainties regarding the object composition and the efficiency of the deflection event lead to a non-negligible uncertainty in the deflection delta-velocity. Propagating this uncertainty through the resulting orbit will create a positional uncertainty envelope at the original impact epoch. We calculate a simplified analytic evolution for impulsively deflected NEAs and perform a full propagation of uncertainties that is nonlinear in the deflection delta-velocity vector. This provides an understanding of both the optimal deflection velocities needed for a given scenario, as well as the resulting positional uncertainty and corresponding residual impact probability. Confidence of a successful deflection attempt as a function of launch opportunities is also discussed for a specific case. 相似文献
6.
Surface temperature and the available effective energy strongly influence the mass flux of H2O and minor volatiles from the nucleus. We perform computer simulations to model the gas flux from volatile, icy components
in porous ice-dust surfaces, in order to better understand results from observations of comets. Our model assumes a porous
body containing dust, one major ice component (H2O) and up to eight minor components of higher volatility (e.g. CO, CH4, CH3OH, HCN, C2H2, H2S), The body's porous structure is modeled as a bundle of tubes with a given tortuosity and an initially constant pore diameter.
Heat is conducted by the matrix and carried by the vapors. The model includes radially inward and outward flowing vapor within
the body, escape of outward flowing gas from the body, complete depletion of less volatile ices in outer layers, and recondensation
of vapor in deeper, cooler layers. From the calculations we obtain temperature profiles and changes in relative chemical abundances,
porosity and pore size distribution as a function of depth, and the gas flux into the interior and into the atmosphere for
each of the volatiles at various positions of the body in its orbit.
In this paper we relate the observed relative molecular abundances in the coma of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) and of Comet
46P/Wirtanen to molecular fluxes at the surface calculated from our model.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
The initial structure of a comet nucleus is most probably a homogeneous, porous, fine-grained mixture of dust and ices, predominantly
water. The water ice is presumably amorphous and includes considerable fractions of occluded gases. This structure undergoes
significant changes during the early evolution of the nucleus at large heliocentric distances, due to internal radiogenic
heating. Structural changes occur mainly as a result of gas flow through the porous medium: the gas pressure that builds up
in the interior is capable of breaking the fragile structure and altering the pore sizes and porosity. These effects are modeled
and followed numerically, testing a large number of parameters.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
9.
由于主带彗星富含水冰等挥发分并且位于火星与木星之间的小行星带区域,因此很可能是给早期地球带来水资源的天体,自从20世纪初期被发现以来引起了行星科学界的极大兴趣,是未来绕飞探测的重要候选目标。总结了主带彗星133P光谱探测的科学目标,并根据不同成分光谱特征分析和热特性研究需求,提出光谱仪的主要指标构想。谱段需覆盖可见至甚长波红外(0.4~50μm),通过可见红外成像光谱仪和热辐射光谱仪两台载荷分别覆盖0.4~5μm和5~50μm的波段范围。可见红外成像光谱仪采用紧凑型光栅分光系统设计,光谱分辨率在可见光谱段优于5 nm,红外谱段优于10 nm,5 km探测距离下空间分辨优于0.5 m,通过低温制冷抑制背景辐射噪声,保证信噪比优于100。热辐射光谱仪采用时间调制型干涉分光方案,由一台双角镜摆臂式干涉仪实现5~50μm的分光,光谱分辨率8 cm~(-1),5 km探测距离下空间分辨率优于10 m,采用非制冷热释电探测器。通过对两台光谱仪研制过程中涉及的关键技术进行分析,为后续开展工程研制奠定基础。 相似文献
10.
The chemical composition of comet nuclei derived from current data on interstellar dust ingredients and comet dust and coma
molecules are shown to be substantially consistent with each other in both refractory and volatile components. When limited
by relative cosmic abundances the water in comet nuclei is constrained to be close to 30% by mass and the refractory to volatile
ratio is close to 1:1. The morphological structure of comet nuclei, as deduced from comet dust infrared continuum and spectral
emission properties, is described by a fluffy (porous) aggregate of tenth micron silicate core-organic refractory mantle particle
on which outer mantles of predominantly H2O ices contain embedded carbonaceous and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) type particles of size in the of 1 - 10nm range.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献