Earthshine and Asteroseismology Telescope (East) Network

Several automated optical telescopes have been setup at appropriate longitudes around the globe to study earthshine variations and asteroseismology. The first telescope has been setup at Teide Observatory, Tenerife, Spain in October 2004. The intensity of earthshine relates to the average of Earth’s albedo, and in turn relates to the global temperature of the Earth. A global network is necessary because each site can measure the earthshine reflected from only a part of the Earth. The network will also be used for asteroseismology study. It can measure photometric variations of pulsating stars. The long-term and continuous measurements allow the accurate determination of mode frequencies of stellar pulsations, which provides information on the properties of stellar interior.     

Relationships between neutron fluxes and rain flows

Registration of secondary cosmic ray neutrons is a convenient tool for investigation of primary cosmic ray variations and meteorological effects as well. At present a large network of neutron monitors exists, providing the studies of cosmic ray variations related to the interplanetary conditions and geomagnetic activity. At the same time cosmic ray variations may be caused by some atmospheric processes. In this connection, using the data from standard and lead-free neutron monitors, and gamma and muon detectors, we studied relations between rain flows and neutron, gamma and ionization component behavior. To explain observable results the calculations of neutron and gamma absorption and albedo neutron spectra have been performed on the basis of universal software package FLUKA-2006. In this study we used hourly data on the neutron flux, corrected for barometric pressure and data from local meteorological stations. It was shown that secondary neutron radiation, recorded by lead-free NM, and gamma radiation as well are strongly effected by meteorological factors. The neutron component behavior depends on the moisture content in the soil, and above its surface.     

利用6S进行月光条件下遥感器信号模拟研究

以太阳为光源的卫星遥感器,可以采用6S或MODTRAN等辐射传输计算软件对其入瞳处的辐亮度进行计算。而在微光或月光条件下,遥感器是对观测目标反射的月亮辐射进行遥感观测,因此在进行辐射传输计算时需要代入月球的辐照度数据。可以利用已公布的月球表面反射率和已知的大气层外太阳辐照度来计算月球辐照度,并对6S辐射传输计算进行适当的修改进行计算。通过对月球辐照度计算原理进行了详细的描述并计算得到了波长在0.250μm~1.500μm范围内的月球表面辐照度,并给出了一个宽波段遥感器的微光动态范围。     

Planetary Radiation Budgets

The energy state of a planet depends fundamentally on its radiation budget. Measurements made from space over past decades have led to significant revisions of ground-based estimates, both of the reflected fraction (the Bond albedo) of solar radiative flux and of the emitted thermal infrared radiation flux, for the Earth as well as for the other planets. After a brief survey of methods and difficulties in accurately determining planetary radiation budgets, we note contradictions in existing tabulations of global parameters, in particular Bond albedo. For the Earth, such contradictions are unjustified, considering that global and annual means as well as the seasonal cycle of Earth Radiation Budget components have now been determined with high accuracy. The Earth's Bond albedo is close to 0.3. Net storage of energy in the Earth-ocean system is close to zero, with a well-established annual cycle of amplitude close to ±12 Wm⁻². Some contradictions remain for the other terrestrial planets. For the giant planets, modern reduced values of the Bond albedo imply reduced but still significant internal energy generation.     

光电二极管的地球反照光校正及卫星姿态估计

光电二极管作为体积小、成本低的太阳敏感器,可以结合地球敏感器进行卫星三轴姿态估计,但是地球反照光对其具有严重的影响,从而限制了其应用,然而地球反照光数学模型应用复杂。针对此问题,首先建立了一种简化的光电二极管量测模型,将地球反照光设成动态偏置项补偿在光电二极管模型中,并将误差建模为混合高斯噪声。然后应用滑窗估计和随机权重策略动态估计和更新模型中的参数。同时,采用多比例因子分别估计各光电二极管的地球反照光影响,并引入Huber影响函数处理异常值,从而提高了算法鲁棒性和参数估计精度。实验结果表明,采用地球反照光校正的光电二极管量测模型和无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）算法可实现卫星的高精度姿态估计,三轴姿态精度能达到0.2°~0.3°。      

一种晨昏轨道卫星地球反照系数估计方法

针对地球反照对太阳同步轨道卫星太阳电池阵输出电流的影响,首先比较不同降交点地方时卫星的太阳电池阵输出电流,分析其变化规律,然后选定晨昏轨道卫星作为研究对象,建立太阳电池阵输出电流模型与地球反照系数估计模型,利用最小二乘法估计电流参数与地球反照系数,最后结合不同季节、不同轨道高度卫星的遥测数据进行在轨验证。结果表明,对于轨道高度在1200km以下的晨昏轨道卫星,地球反照系数在0.05以上;地球反照系数随轨道高度增加呈指数规律衰减,衰减系数约为0.002。     

近地卫星地球反照系数的一种估计方法

针对地球反照对近地卫星太阳电池阵的影响,分析卫星轨道与星下点的受照射情况,进而建立太阳电池阵输出电流模型,利用太阳电池阵电流的遥测数据,根据最小二乘法给出地球反照下的输出电流模型参数,然后利用延时遥测数据与拟合数据计算地球反照系数,同时分析地球反照对于太阳电池阵输出电流的影响,最后结合某低轨卫星的实际在轨测控数据进行验证。结果表明,对于630 km高度的近地卫星,地球反照系数在5%~8%之间;且随季节变化明显,从春至秋逐渐减小,从秋至春又逐渐增大;可为测控中的遥测诊断提供参考。     

Quantifying lunar soil composition with partial least squares modeling of reflectance

Retrieval of lunar soil composition is commonly achieved through optical remote sensing in which spectral characteristics of returned lunar samples are related to their constituents. Partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) were applied to the dataset characterized by the Lunar Soil Characterization Consortium (LSCC) to estimate the content of FeO, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ in the soils. The goal of this study was to test whether the conversion of reflectance to single scattering albedo (SSA) via Hapke’s radiative transfer model is able to improve the performance of PLS and PCR. Results from PLS and PCR modeling of SSA spectra indicate that the conversion does not necessarily improve the performance of PLS and PCR, and this depends on the chemical considered, the way to select the number of optimal factors, and how the data were pretreated. The conversion failed to accommodate the large deviation of highland samples with low FeO, TiO₂ and high Al₂O₃.     

Validation of space-born Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer remote sensors aerosol products using application of ground-based Multi-wavelength Radiometer

The measurements of aerosol optical properties were carried out during April 2006 to March 2011 over Mohal (31.9°N, 77.12°E) in the northwestern Indian Himalaya, using the application of ground-based Multi-wavelength Radiometer (MWR) and space-born Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensors. The average (±standard deviation) values of aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 500 nm, Ångström exponent and turbidity coefficient during the entire measurement period were 0.25 ± 0.09, 1.15 ± 0.42 and 0.12 ± 0.06 respectively. About 86% AOD values retrieved from MODIS remote sensor were found within an uncertainty limit (Δτ_pλ = ±0.05 ± 0.15τ_pλ). In general, the MWR derived AOD values were higher than that of MODIS retrieval with absolute difference ∼0.02. During the entire period of measurement space-born MODIS remote sensor and ground-based MWR observation showed good correspondence with significant correlation coefficient ∼0.78 and root mean square difference ∼0.06. For daily observations the relative difference between these two estimates stood less than 9%. However, satellite-based and ground-based observation showed good correspondence, but further efforts still needed to eliminate systematic errors in the existing MODIS algorithm.     

CCD太阳敏感器大角度入射光能衰减模型

太阳敏感器的测量精度主要受地球反照的影响。通过建立大角度入射光能衰减模型,结合地球反照辐照度峰值的计算,从理论上说明了这种影响与太阳入射角的关系。以CCD太阳敏感器为例,当太阳出现在敏感器的视场边缘时,而地球反照处于最坏情况,地球反照和太阳在CCD上产生的辐照度具有可比性。最后提出了改进太阳敏感器的结构参数来减小地球反照对太阳敏感器测量影响的方法。