DNA damage and repair in oncogenic transformation by heavy ion radiation.

Energetic heavy ions are present in galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events. One of the most important late effects in risk assessment is carcinogenesis. We have studied the carcinogenic effects of heavy ions at the cellular and molecular levels and have obtained quantitative data on dose-response curves and on the repair of oncogenic lesions for heavy particles with various charges and energies. Studies with repair inhibitors and restriction endonucleases indicated that for oncogenic transformation DNA is the primary target. Results from heavy ion experiments showed that the cross section increased with LET and reached a maximum value of about 0.02 micrometer2 at about 500 keV/micrometer. This limited size of cross section suggests that only a fraction of cellular genomic DNA is important in radiogenic transformation. Free radical scavengers, such as DMSO, do not give any effect on induction of oncogenic transformation by 600 MeV/u iron particles, suggesting most oncogenic damage induced by high-LET heavy ions is through direct action. Repair studies with stationary phase cells showed that the amount of reparable oncogenic lesions decreased with an increase of LET and that heavy ions with LET greater than 200 keV/micrometer produced only irreparable oncogenic damage. An enhancement effect for oncogenic transformation was observed in cells irradiated by low-dose-rate argon ions (400 MeV/u; 120 keV/micrometer). Chromosomal aberrations, such as translocation and deletion, but not sister chromatid exchange, are essential for heavy-ion-induced oncogenic transformation. The basic mechanism(s) of misrepair of DNA damage, which form oncogenic lesions, is unknown.     

Heliospheric and Interstellar Phenomena Deduced From Pickup ion Observations

Pickup ions, created by ionization of slow moving atoms and molecules well inside the heliosphere, provide us with a new tool to probe remote regions in and beyond the heliosphere and to study injection and acceleration processes in the solar wind. Comprehensive and continuous measurements of H, He, C, N, O, Ne and other pickup ions, especially with the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) on both Ulysses and ACE, have given us a wealth of data that have been used to infer chemical and physical properties of the local interstellar cloud. With SWICS on Ulysses we discovered a new population of pickup ions, produced from atomic and molecular sources deep inside the heliosphere. The velocity distributions and composition of these “inner source” pickup ions are distinctly different from those of interstellar pickup ions, showing effects of strong adiabatic cooling, and a composition resembling that of the solar wind. Strong cooling indicates that the source of these pickup ions lies close to the Sun. The similarity of composition of inner source heavy ions to that of the solar wind implies that the dominant production mechanism for these pickup ions involves the absorption and re-emission of solar wind from interplanetary dust grains. While interstellar pickup ions are the seed population of the main Anomalous Cosmic Rays (ACRs), inner source pickup ions may be an important source of the rarer ACRs such as C, Mg, Si, S, and Fe. We present new results and review previous work with an emphasis on characteristics of the local interstellar cloud and properties of the inner source. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Developing countries and remote sensing: how intergovernmental factors impede progress

Developing countries lag significantly behind more advanced nations in the local adoption and application of satellite remote sensing technology. Narrowing this gap through appropriate international cooperation is, however, often constrained by national interests and priorities. The paper presents an overview of several of these inter-governmental constraints using as its main basis the outcomes of recent regional and international conferences hosted by the United Nations. Future enhancement of international cooperation in remote sensing will occur best within settings where both developing and technologically advanced countries are sensitive and responsive to each other's concerns.     

石墨渗铜喉衬材料的微观结构与抗热震性能

采用粗粒级高强石墨加压渗铜工艺，制备了石墨渗铜(CIG：copper-impregnated graphite)喉衬材料。对其微观结构与抗热震性能的关系进行了研究。结果表明，由于渗铜提高了原石墨的热导率及整体增韧的综合效果，使石墨渗铜材料比通用的5种石墨材料具有更好的抗热震性能，更好地适应了小型高性能战术导弹、航天飞行器高压强大流量SRM对喉衬材料的要求。     

The applications of lower power satellites for direct television broadcasting

The use of 12 GHz satellites for TV broadcasting directly to individual homes and small communities has been the subject of analysis and design study by groups in many countries. Implementation of the concept has been slow to follow because of the high satellite transmitter powers of from 100 to 450 W that have usually been determined to be necessary. Accumulated experience in Canada with 12 GHz operation and the evolution of technology are leading to changes in the concept of direct broadcasting such that lower power satellites may be capable of meeting the requirements.

Hermes, the Canadian/U.S. 12/14 GHz Communications Technology Satellite, has been in use for over 3 years in a program of experiments and measurements. This program has included an extensive six month experiment in direct broadcasting to 7 small communities. Experience with Hermes has shown that the signal strength is stable over long periods of time and that in Canada, significant precipitation attenuation at 12 GHz is of relatively short duration and typically occurs only during certain seasons. Operation with low propagation margins is feasible if some picture degradation and some outages at these times are acceptable. The frequency and duration of occurrence of outages can be controlled by the Earth station G/T which is cost sensitive. An individual may choose to use a low cost system with a small antenna and accept a degraded picture and outages at some times. A small community may choose to pay more for a larger antenna and lower noise receiver to achieve better performance.

Developments in technology are reducing the noise figure of mass-producible receivers from more than 6 dB to as low as 4 dB. Another technology contribution is the use of reduced bandwidth and other signal processing techniques in low-cost receivers. While use of such techniques may introduce distortions that would be unacceptable in rebroadcasting systems, there is little impact for individual and community reception. Use of both technologies reduce the required satellite EIRP or ground terminal G/T.

A field trial was begun in April 1979 to test these concepts for use in television program delivery. One hundred Earth stations capable of being tuned across a 500 MHz band and having antennas with diameters of either 1.2 m or 1.8 m are being installed for a test in Canada to receive TV signals from the 20 W transponders of ANIK-B (peak EIRP of 51 dBw) on an experimental basis. The acceptability of the video signals and the technical performance of the low-cost terminals in the bands of non-technical users are being evaluated.

The paper will summarize the concept of TV broadcasting with lower power satellites and describe the results to date of the ANIK-B field trials.     

大型复合材料结构优化设计方法研究

建立了适合于大型复合材料结构的优化设计方法，该方法在复合材料结构有限元分析的基础上对复合材料结构进行优化设计。在建立有限元模型时应用了区域划分技术，然后对结构分两级进行优化：第一级是对结构的铺层角度进行优化。第二级对结构的铺层厚度进行优化。最后，以工字梁结构为例，进行了算法验证。     

用遥测数据预报导弹落点的误差分析

针对利用遥测数据进行导弹落点预测这一方法 ,分析了误差源 ,在此基础上建立并编写了干扰弹道模型 ,研究讨论了这种方法在进行落点预测时所造成的预测误差。计算结果表明 ,仅仅利用遥测数据进行导弹落点预测有很大的误差 ,必须结合外测手段才能做出较为准确的落点预测     

运载器饱和非线性姿态控制系统稳定性分析

简要介绍了用描述函数分析饱和非线性系统稳定性的方法，然后在此基础上给出了适合于工程的饱和非线性系统稳定裕度的定义，研究了舵偏角不满足近似关系时，正弦函数非线性对姿控系统稳定性的影响，最后计算了某运载器的伺服机构处于饱和状态时姿态控制系统的稳定裕度。     

基于粒子滤波的被动多基站跟踪算法

针对被动多基站跟踪的实际应用，提出了基于粒子滤波的被动多基站跟踪方法。该方法首先利用两个基站的观测数据融合目标位置，并用第三个基站的观测数据对目标位置进行检验，消除了错误融合位置；然后，推导了被动多基站粒子滤波模型，并根据被动多基站跟踪的特点，提出了顺序重抽样方法，有效地解决了被动多基站跟踪中的高度非线性、非高斯的影响；最后，给出了算法的性能仿真比较。仿真结果表明提出的方法性能明显优于其他跟踪方法（如PMHT、IMM-PDA）。     

S波段超小型调频发射机

介绍Ｓ波段超小型调频发动机方案的选择，电路设计，结构安排，并对该发射机的稳定性和质量进行了分析，该发射机已通过机载环境条件试验和地面接收机的对接试验，并已通过鉴定，具有９０年代国外同类产品的水平。