Generalized Kutta–Joukowski theorem for multi-vortex and multi-airfoil flow with vortex production——A general model

By using a special momentum approach and with the help of interchange between singularity velocity and induced flow velocity, we derive in a physical way explicit force formulas for twodimensional inviscid flow involving multiple bound and free vortices, multiple airfoils, and vortex production. These force formulas hold individually for each airfoil thus allowing for force decomposition, and the contributions to forces from singularities(such as bound and image vortices,sources, and doublets) and bodies out of an airfoil are related to their induced velocities at the locations of singularities inside this airfoil. The force contribution due to vortex production is related to the vortex production rate and the distance between each pair of vortices in production, thus frameindependent. The formulas are validated against a number of standard problems. These force formulas, which generalize the classic Kutta–Joukowski theorem(for a single bound vortex) and the recent generalized Lagally theorem(for problems without a bound vortex and vortex production) to more general cases, can be used to identify or understand the roles of outside vortices and bodies on the forces of the actual body, optimize arrangement of outside vortices and bodies for force enhancement or reduction, and derive analytical force formulas once the flow field is given or known.     

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系统地研究遍历理论在航天动力学领域的应用，包括椭圆轨道长期覆盖和受晒因子等长期参数的平均化计算.从无摄和J2项摄动下平均轨道根数的长期和长周期项出发，构造非共振条件下覆盖和受晒因子的测度描述，并证明该测度的不变性；给出相关相空间和相流定义，并证明该相流的保测度性；应用Birkhoff Khinchin定理将长期覆盖和受晒因子等无限时间的累积问题成功转换为有限空间的二重积分运算.研究结果表明，遍历理论是解决航天动力学领域长期参数统计计算的有力工具.     

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Wilkinson定理是代数特征值问题中的一个经典定理,文章给出了Wilkinson定理的结果中关于扰动矩阵上界的另一种估计形式,并指出该形式对Wilkinson定理具有一定的改进。     

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Z-空间上的有界线性泛函的性质

文章在次范整线性空间中利用Hahn-Banach扩张定理给出泛函存在定理,分隔性定理,这些定理推广赋范线性空间的泛函存在定理、分隔性定理.     

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为尽量减少复合材料结构件的试验研究成本,除非必须使用原尺寸的结构试验件之外,通常情况下都采用结构件的缩比件进行所需要的结构强度试验。通过试验和计算的对比分析,阐明了相似定理在正交各向异性的复合材料结构上应用的合理性。     

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针对求极限过程中的一个难点———无穷多项和求极限 ,可通过先求和、夹逼定理、无穷小分析法、定积分等四种方法加以解决。     

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通过从Lagrange中值定理的结论、条件、几何意义三个方面的分析，提出了构造辅助函数的思路和方法，并利用辅助函数证明了Lagrange中值定理。     

Generalized Kutta–Joukowski theorem for multi-vortex and multi-airfoil flow(a lumped vortex model)

For purpose of easy identification of the role of free vortices on the lift and drag and for purpose of fast or engineering evaluation of forces for each individual body,we will extend in this paper the Kutta–Joukowski(KJ) theorem to the case of inviscid flow with multiple free vortices and multiple airfoils. The major simplification used in this paper is that each airfoil is represented by a lumped vortex,which may hold true when the distances between vortices and bodies are large enough. It is found that the Kutta–Joukowski theorem still holds provided that the local freestream velocity and the circulation of the bound vortex are modified by the induced velocity due to the outside vortices and airfoils. We will demonstrate how to use the present result to identify the role of vortices on the forces according to their position,strength and rotation direction. Moreover,we will apply the present results to a two-cylinder example of Crowdy and the Wagner example to demonstrate how to perform fast force approximation for multi-body and multi-vortex problems. The lumped vortex assumption has the advantage of giving such kinds of approximate results which are very easy to use. The lack of accuracy for such a fast evaluation will be compensated by a rigorous extension,with the lumped vortex assumption removed and with vortex production included,in a forthcoming paper.