Impact of rain on wave retrieval from Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar images in tropical cyclones

The main objective of our work was to investigate the impact of rain on wave observations from C-band (~5.3 GHz) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in tropical cyclones. In this study, 10 Sentinel-1 SAR images were available from the Satellite Hurricane Observation Campaign, which were taken under cyclonic conditions during the 2016 hurricane season. The third-generation wave model, known as Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) (version 41.31), was used to simulate the wave fields corresponding to these Sentinel-1 SAR images. In addition, rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite passing over the spatial coverage of the Sentinel-1 SAR images were collected. The simulated results were validated against significant wave heights (SWHs) from the Jason-2 altimeter and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts data, revealing a root mean square error (RMSE) of ~0.5 m with a 0.25 scatter index. Winds retrieved from the VH-polarized Sentinel-1 SAR images using the Sentinel-1 Extra Wide-swath Mode Wind Speed Retrieval Model after Noise Removal were taken as prior information for wave retrieval. It was discovered that rain did indeed affect the SAR wave retrieval, as evidenced by the 3.21-m RMSE of SWHs between the SAR images and the SWAN model, which was obtained for the ~1000 match-ups with raindrops. The raindrops dampened the wave retrieval when the rain rate was < ~5 mm/hr; however, they enhanced wave retrieval for higher rain rates. It was also found that the portion of the rain-induced ring wave with a wave number > 0.05 rad/m (~125 m wavelength) was clearly observed in the SAR-derived wave spectra.     

基于合成射流的旋翼翼型动态失速控制研究

针对直升机旋翼工作环境下来流速度和迎角(Angle of attack,AoA)耦合引起的动态失速问题,建立了基于合成射流的旋翼动态失速控制的数值模拟方法。采用运动嵌套网格方法,通过对翼型的平移和旋转实现变来流速度-变迎角的耦合。以积分形式的雷诺平均N-S方程为主控方程,空间离散使用Roe格式,时间离散为隐式LU-SGS方法,以OA209翼型为研究对象,在翼型上表面放置合成射流激振器,开展了射流位置、动量系数、无量纲频率以及偏角等参数对轻度失速、深度失速下翼型动态失速控制的研究。研究发现,轻度失速下,射流位置靠近气流分离点时(20%c附近,c为翼型弦长),对逆压梯度引起的轻度失速控制效果最佳。深度失速下气流分离点虽在5%c之前,但射流位于前缘分离泡后端(10%c附近)时控制效果较好。大迎角需要较大的动量系数才能有效控制。射流频率对涡结构的尺寸和数量会产生一定影响,能改变气动特性波动幅度。较小的射流偏角对轻度失速的控制更有效,而深度失速则需要较大的偏角。     

Global Response of Martian Plasma Environment to an Interplanetary Structure: From Ena and Plasma Observations at Mars

As a part of the global plasma environment study of Mars and its response to the solar wind, we have analyzed a peculiar case of the subsolar energetic neutral atom (ENA) jet observed on June 7, 2004 by the Neutral Particle Detector (NPD) on board the Mars Express satellite. The “subsolar ENA jet” is generated by the interaction between the solar wind and the Martian exosphere, and is one of the most intense sources of ENA flux observed in the vicinity of Mars. On June 7, 2004 (orbit 485 of Mars Express), the NPD observed a very intense subsolar ENA jet, which then abruptly decreased within ∼10 sec followed by quasi-periodic (∼1 min) flux variations. Simultaneously, the plasma sensors detected a solar wind structure, which was most likely an interplanetary shock surface. The abrupt decrease of the ENA flux and the quasi-periodic flux variations can be understood in the framework of the global response of the Martian plasma obstacle to the interplanetary shock. The generation region of the subsolar ENA jet was pushed towards the planet by the interplanetary shock; and therefore, Mars Express went out of the ENA jet region. Associated global vibrations of the Martian plasma obstacle may have been the cause of the quasi-periodic flux variations of the ENA flux at the spacecraft location.     

压电驱动自耦合射流流动特性实验

为了研究压电驱动狭缝喷口自耦合射流的流动特性,采用PIV、热线风速仪测试手段,对自耦合射流激发器在不同激励因素下的流场和速度场分布进行了实验和分析.结果显示,自耦合射流在狭缝出口处产生了反向涡对,随着自耦合射流的发展,射流呈现出在喷口短轴方向急剧向两侧扩展、而在喷口长轴方向先收缩后缓慢扩展的流动特征;自耦合射流的速度分布在法线方向呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在z/b=10左右速度达到最大值;在射流展向上,短轴方向速度呈规律的对称分布和速度自模的特征,而长轴方向速度近喷口区域呈现马鞍状分布,随着法向距离增加这种趋势消失.研究中发现,激发器存在两个谐振频率,在谐振频率激发下自耦合射流的速度和涡量比较大.与常规射流相比,自耦合射流显示出了独特的流动特性.     

氢氧爆轰直接起始的射流点火方法研究

为探讨氢氧爆轰驱动激波风洞中的高氢混合比氢氧混合气直接爆轰的点火方法，对射流点火管的点火能力进行实验研究发现，点火管长度是决定射流点火能力的关键因素，射流点火能力随点火管长度的增加而增强。点火管与爆轰管之间无隔膜，结构简单，操作方便。同时观察了点火管中增添孔板对射流点火能力的影响，发现障碍物对射流点火能力具有减弱作用。     

可控环量帆翼在船舶上应用的研究

本文试验研究了一种可控环量帆翼,利用壁面切向喷流来移动帆翼圓尾缘分离点位置,可获得比普通帆翼更高的推力系数。文中介绍了展弦比为1的三维可控环量帆翼的试验研究。试验表明,这种可控环量帆翼在较小的喷流动量系数下,即可获得较大的升力增益。在喷流动量系数 C_μ=0.1时,零攻角升力系数已达0.9,在有攻角的情况下,升力系数最大可达2.2。同时,由于帆翼尾部壁面团向喷流的 Coanda 效应,这种可控环量帆翼的阻力亦较大。在喷流动量系数 C_μ=0.1时,零攻角阻力系数为0.3。文章对这种可控环量帆翼在船舶上的应用进行了讨论,并对其性能的进一步改进作了分析和探讨。     

亚声速外流与流体振荡器射流流场干扰研究

为了探究不同外流马赫数条件下,流体振荡器出口振荡射流与外流耦合的流动特性,通过非定常仿真方法研究了流体振荡器入口条件为落压比(Nozzle pressure ratio,NPR)为1.5、3,外流马赫数分别为0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8时的三维瞬态流场,分析了外流对流体振荡器内部振荡特性的影响,以及流体振荡器出口振荡射流与外流相互作用时的下游空间流场特性。研究结果表明:NPR=1.5时,流体振荡器出口二喉道处均为亚声速,外流扰动会改变流体振荡器的内部振荡频率;NPR=3时,流体振荡器出口二喉道处存在声速截面,从而可有效隔离外流扰动。对于NPR=3,当外流Ma=0.2时,下游流场存在两对上下旋向相反的旋涡,上方为振荡射流所诱导的流向涡对,下方为马蹄涡对;当外流赫数大于0.4时,下游空间流场只存在一对流向旋涡,且旋涡可以有效排移截面中心处的低能流,使边界层的速度剖面更加饱满,形状因子变小;随着外流马赫数的增加,射流与外流的动量比减小,射流穿透深度减小,射流的展向影响范围也随之减小。     

高分辨率星载合成孔径雷达成像处理方法

提出了一种适用于大距离徒动高分辨率星载合成孔径雷达 (SAR)精确成像的改进Chirp Scaling(CS)成像处理算法 ,以及实现单视图象斑点噪声抑制的基于目标检测的增强无偏最大后验概率 (TDRGMAP)方法。采用这种高精度成像处理方法和单视图像斑点噪声抑制方法 ,可以实现星载 SAR高空间分辨率和高辐射分辨率的雷达图像。     

星载合成孔径雷达回波多普勒频率的计算

从星载合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）与目标的相对运动关系出发，以ＳＡＲ发射信号的波长、卫星的轨道参数和目标的位置（地心经纬度）为已知条件，导出了计算目标回小以的多普勒频率的解析公式，这对于星载ＳＡＲ系统的性能 初步设计具有重要作用。     

机载聚束式SAR天线波束指向控制分析

建立波束控制条件下的机载聚束式SAR的天线指向及成像数学模型,证实天线波束指向被控造成回波信号的幅度调制,引起成对回波,从而影响成像质量。此外,分析波束指向控制比率与测绘带方位宽度、图像动态范围的制约关系,提出设计机载聚束式SAR天线波束指向控制比率的基本原则。最后,通过计算机仿真,验证理论分析的正确性。