A survey of safety separation management and collision avoidance approaches of civil UAS operating in integration national airspace system

Recent years have witnessed a booming of the industry of civil Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). As an emerging industry, the UAS industry has been attracting great attention from governments of all countries and the aviation industry. UAS are highly digitalized, informationized, and intelligent; therefore, their integration into the national airspace system has become an important trend in the development of civil aviation. However, the complexity of UAS operation poses great challenges to the traditional aviation regulatory system and technical means. How to prevent collisions between UASs and between UAS and manned aircraft to achieve safe and efficient operation in the integrated operating airspace has become a common challenge for industry and academia around the world. In recent years, the international community has carried out a great amount of work and experiments in the air traffic management of UAS and some of the key technologies. This paper attempts to make a review of the UAS separation management and key technologies in collision avoidance in the integrated airspace, mainly focusing on the current situation of UAS Traffic Management (UTM), safety separation standards, detection system, collision risk prediction, collision avoidance, safety risk assessment, etc., as well as an analysis of the bottlenecks that the current researches encountered and their development trends, so as to provide some insights and references for further research in this regard. Finally, this paper makes a further summary of some of the research highlights and challenges.     

An innovative approach for integrated airline network and aircraft family optimization

The determination of optimal aerial transport networks and their associated flight frequencies is crucial for the strategic planning of airlines, as well as for carrying out market research, to establish target markets, and for aircraft and crew rostering. In addition, optimum airplane types for the selected networks are crucial to improve revenue and to provide reduced operating costs. The present study proposes an innovative approach to determine the optimal aerial transport network simultaneously with the determination of the optimum fleet for that network, composed of three types of airplanes (network and vehicle integrated design). The network profit is maximized. The passenger’s demands between the airports are determined via a gravitational model. An embedded linear programming solution is responsible for obtaining potential optimal network configurations. The optimum fleet combination is determined from a database of candidate aircraft designs via genetic algorithm. A truly realistic airplane representation is made possible thanks to accurate surrogate models for engine and aerodynamics is adopted. An accurate engine deck encompassing a compression map and an innovative engine weight calculation besides an aerodynamical artificial neural network module enable a high degree of accuracy for the mission analysis. The proposed methodology is applied to obtain the optimum network comprised of twenty main Brazilian airports and corresponding fleet.     

污水处理装置在冶金行业中的应用

对污水处理装置的技术参数、技术要求及设计方案的选择、工作原理做了进一步的阐述。对工业循环冷却水的处理有实际指导意义。     

吸尘器弯管连接头模具的设计

分析了吸尘器弯管连接头的结构特点,着重阐述了应用于本模具中的一种新颖的专用来解决大角度,长距离抽芯的连杆机构的工作原理。对模具设计过程中遇到的困难,如:小嵌件如何固定,很小的侧型芯如何固定于侧滑块上,及三个液压缸按顺序抽芯,圆弧型芯如何插入圆柱型芯2中等都作了详细的叙述与探讨。另外本论文还涉及到了主要成型零部件的加工问题。     

对我国券商摆脱窘境的再思考

我国券商所遭遇的窘境是券商角色严重错位所致，过度膨胀的自营业务和理财业务导致券商资金“饥渴”。要摆脱所遭遇的窘境，应恢复券商从事产品创造和产品销售的本来面目，弱化资金博弈模型的买方业务，从资本和风险的角度综合安排融资结构和数量。正确处理做大与做强的关系，证券业的兼并重组如果不能体现优势互补、取长补短，并进行有效的资源整合和团队文化的融合，形成1＋1〉2的效应，将难以达到预期效果。所以，不但要关注数量和规模指标，更要关注质量和效率指标；不仅要注重短期的盈利能力，更要注重风险防范和风险控制能力。制定符合企业自身资源优势的个性化竞争战略规划，通过业务创新改善盈利模式并构筑其核心竞争力，这才是券商摆脱目前困境的关键所在。     

M-型皱褶芯材弹性常数的细观力学模型

研究了皱褶芯材的几何特征和承力特性，给出了其当量弹性常数求解的细观力学模型。该模型采用材料力学的方法推导出了M-型皱褶芯材的当量密度ρ、当量线弹性模量Ez和当量剪切模量Gyz，为皱褶夹芯结构的优化设计和皱褶芯材夹芯板的力学性能计算奠定了基础。     

空袭目标威胁评估模型研究

以航路捷径、目标类型、机动特性、到达发射区近界的剩余时间，以及电子干扰为主要影响因素，结合多通道防空武器系统的特点，建立了基于层次分析法和模糊综合决策法的空袭目标威胁评估模型。用层次分析法确定各因素权重，以分段函数的形式给出权重系数。针对一给定的中程防空武器系统，用模糊统计计算各影响因素的隶属函数，并给出了模型的计算流程。仿真结果表明，所设计的模型能较准确地评估来袭目标的危险性，且具有较高的灵敏度。     

毫米波导引头的技术特点

论述了空空导弹毫米波导引头的主要技术特点及其在工程应用中存在的若干问题。着重讨论了空空导弹毫米波导引头较红外和微波导引头在分辨力、反隐身和抗干扰方面的技术优势，并就毫米波导引头在探测与跟踪、大功率器件研制和毫米波器件的精密加工等关键技术问题进行了分析。     

挠性卫星振动抑制的变结构主动控制方案及实验研究

文章从工程角度出发，以具有挠性太阳帆板的卫星为背景，着重研究了挠性空间结构的低阶模型变结构控制方案。针对卫星的“飞轮—喷气”执行机构工作模式设计了算法简单的变结构控制律，并基于单轴气浮台全物理仿真系统成功地进行了国内首次挠性结构振动主动控制实验，取得了显著的控制效果。     

用预测法量化防空导弹武器系统效能的研究

针对当前分析人员难于求解防空导弹武器系统总体效能值，提出了一套量化系统效能中的系统能力向量Ｃ的方法。对该方法作了详细的论述，并用该方法量度了一些防空导弹武器系统的总体系统效能。分析得到的结果是令人满意的，从而进一步解决了如何通过较理想的效能模型，全面地预测防空导弹武器系统在给定条件下完成规定任务的能力问题。