民用客机增升装置气动噪声研究进展

随着民用飞机数量的快速增加,航空噪声问题日益引起世界范围的关注。增升装置作为重要的机体噪声源之一以其流动复杂性和声源多样性成为民用航空气动声学的难点之一,欧美各国为此开展了大量的研究。总结了增升装置气动噪声的产生机理以及控制措施的研究现状,在此基础上还特别关注了目前工业部门气动与声学的设计思想及需求。     

多喷管射流气动声学特性的数值研究

采用大涡模拟结合动力Smagorinsky亚格子模型对四喷管超声速高温射流进行了三维非稳态数值模拟。基于非稳态计算的结果,利用FW-H面积分方法对四喷管射流远场的声学特性进行计算,并将结果与单喷管得到的结果进行对比。结果表明,多喷管射流形成了复杂的流场,其产生的气动声场并不仅仅是单喷管简单的叠加,由于四股射流之间的相互影响使得声场也产生了新的特点,不但表现在总声压级数值上,还对改变了射流噪声辐射的指向性,最大声压级的位置由原来的50°左右变化到30°。     

火箭整流罩外气动噪声环境的大涡模拟研究

基于五阶加权本质无振荡（WENO）格式构造隐式大涡模拟方法（ILES）,对跨声速来流条件下（Ma=0.8）火箭整流罩外噪声环境进行数值模拟。通过与风洞试验结果及国外文献进行对比,ILES方法能够在较粗网格下准确预测壁面湍流脉动特性。跨声速流动在壁面折角处出现分离、再附、激波/边界层干扰现象,均方根脉动压力系数出现峰值,同时该区域噪声能量在全频段都较高,易引起结构抖振效应。最后,根据ILES模拟结果,指出工程常用的外噪声经验公式的不足,并提出改进措施。     

Numerical analysis on noise of rotor with unconventional blade tips based on CFD/Kirchhoff method

A solver is developed aiming at efficiently predicting rotor noise in hover and forward flight. In this solver, the nonlinear near-field solutions are calculated by a hybrid approach which includes the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations based on a moving-embedded grid system and adaptive grid methodology. A combination of the third-order upwind scheme and flux-difference splitting scheme, instead of the second-order center-difference scheme which may cause larger wake dissipation, has been employed in the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The sound pressure data in the near field can be calculated directly by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and the sound propagation can be predicted by the Kirchhoff method. A harmonic expansion approach is presented for rotor far-field noise prediction, which gives an analytical expression for the integral function in the Kirchhoff formula. As a result, the interpolation process is simplified and the efficiency and accuracy of the interpolation are improved. Then, the high-speed impulsive (HIS) noise of a helicopter rotor at different tip Mach numbers and on different observers is calculated and analyzed in hover and forward flight, which shows a highly directional characteristic of the rotor HIS noise with a maximum value in the rotor plane, and the HSI noise weakens rapidly with the increasing of the directivity angle. In order to investigate the effects of the rotor blade-tip shape on its aeroacoustic characteristics, four kinds of blade tips are designed and their noise characteristics have been simulated. At last, a new unconventional CLOR-II blade tip has been designed, and the noise characteristics of the presented CLOR-II model rotor have been simulated and measured compared to the reference rotors with a rectangular or swept-back platform blade tip. The results demonstrate that the unconventional CLOR-II blade tip can significantly reduce the HSI noise of a rotor.     

Acoustic measurements of models of military style supersonic nozzle jets

Modern military aircraft jet engines are designed with variable-geometry nozzles to provide optimal thrust in different operating conditions, depending on the flight envelope. How- ever, acoustic measurements for such nozzles are scarce, due to the cost involved in making full- scale measurements and the lack of details about the exact geometries of these nozzles. Thus the present effort at Pennsylvania State University （PSU） in partnership with GE Aviation and the NASA Glenn Research Center is aiming to study and characterize the acoustic field produced by supersonic jets issuing from converging-diverging military style nozzles, and to identify and test promising noise reduction techniques. An equally important objective is to develop methodology for using data obtained from small- and moderate-scale experiments to reliably predict the full-scale engine noise. The experimental results presented show reasonable agreement between small-scale and medium-scale jets, as well as between heated jets and heat-simulated ones.     

旋转体源声辐射的近场分析

详细讨论了旋转运动声源的近声场频域解。所得近场解析式表现为远场解基础上的近场修正。范例计算显示出这种修正的特点, 并表明源的旋转半径和轴向偏移对声场影响的性质。风扇实验初步证明了文中分析。      

Inverse design of low boom configurations using proper orthogonal decomposition and augmented Burgers equation

Mitigation of sonic boom to an acceptable stage is a key point for the next generation of supersonic transports. Meanwhile, designing a supersonic aircraft with an ideal ground signature is always the focus of research on sonic boom reduction. This paper presents an inverse design approach to optimize the near-field signature of an aircraft, making it close to the shaped ideal ground signature after the propagation in the atmosphere. Using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD) method, a guessed input of augmented Burgers equation is inversely achieved. By multiple POD iterations, the guessed ground signatures successively approach the target ground signature until the convergence criteria is reached. Finally, the corresponding equivalent area distribution is calculated from the optimal near-field signature through the classical Whitham F-function theory. To validate this method, an optimization example of Lockheed Martin 1021 is demonstrated. The modified configuration has a fully shaped ground signature and achieves a drop of perceived loudness by 7.94 PLdB. This improvement is achieved via shaping the original near-field signature into wiggles and damping it by atmospheric attenuation. At last, a nonphysical ground signature is set as the target to test the robustness of this inverse design method and shows that this method is robust enough for various inputs.     

航空发动机气动声学设计的理论、模型和方法

根据对飞机噪声控制技术历史发展演化过程的总结分析，研究了民用航空发动机气动与声学一体化设计的目标、方法、流程、理论模型和发展趋势等。基于对航空发动机气动设计过程的分析，给出了航空发动机气动与声学一体化设计的流程和方法。分别从“发动机总体热力循环设计”“发动机部件通流设计”“发动机部件三维详细设计”等三个流程，介绍了航空发动机声学设计理论和技术国内外的发展情况，详细论述了发动机气动声学设计的理论、模型和方法，分析了目前航空发动机声学设计理论的主要问题及未来的研究重点，并以具体发动机设计实例分析了不同设计阶段航空发动机的气动与声学一体化设计方法思想。     

An intelligent algorithm for coherent sound source localization based on a strong tracking filter

Background noise is inevitable when sensor arrays are used for aeroacoustic measurements in wind tunnels. The direct removal of background noise, however, would affect the measurement accuracy. In particular, the existing array signal processing algorithms are either invalid or inefficient for removing the noise that is coherent with the signal of interest. In this paper, an intelligent algorithm is developed to localize the coherent sound sources and background noise in real time by iteratively checking the collected data from the array. The proposed method can automatically adjust the suboptimal fading factor to extract useful information as much as possible in residual sequence. This algorithm is tested in simulations and then demonstrated in an experiment.Compared to the two existing methods, the results indicate that the new method has a good phase-shift tracking ability and rapid estimation-error convergence speed, and can achieve an acceptable performance even for low-cost acoustic sensors. Overall, the proposed method should assist array beamforming and hence benefit aeroacoustic measurement.     

Aerodynamic/aeroacoustic variable-fidelity optimization of helicopter rotor based on hierarchical Kriging model

Rotor noise is one of the most important reasons for restricting helicopter development; hence, the optimization design of rotor blade considering aeroacoustic and aerodynamic performance at the same time has always been the focus of research attention. For complex rotor design problems with a large number of design variables, the efficiency of the traditional Kriging model needs to be improved. Thus, Hierarchical Kriging (HK) model is employed in this study for rotor optimization design. By using the validated RANS solver and acoustic method based on the FW–H_pds equation, an efficient aerodynamic/aeroacoustic optimization method for high-dimensional problem of rotors in hover based on HK model is developed. By using present HK model and new infill-sampling criteria, the number of design variables is increased from less than 20–53. Results of two analytical function test cases show that the HK model is efficient and accurate in calculation. Subsequently, the helicopter rotor blade is optimally designed for aerodynamic/aeroacoustic performance in hover based on the HK model with high dimensional design variables. The objective function is adopted to improve the rotational noise characteristics by reducing the absolute peak of the acoustic pressure. In addition, the constraints of thrust, hover efficiency, solidity, and airfoils thickness are strictly satisfied. Optimization results show that the Kriging model finds the objective of reducing the noise by 2.87 dB after 248 iterations while the HK model does it only after 164 iterations. The optimization efficiency of the HK model is significantly higher than that of the traditional Kriging model. In the case analyzed, the HK model saves 35% of the time used by the Kriging model.