Comparative analysis of four different single-frequency PPP models on positioning performance and atmosphere delay retrieval

Single-frequency precise point positioning (SF-PPP) has attracted increasing attention due to its high precision and cost effectiveness. With various strategies to handle the dominant error, i.e., ionosphere delay, the ionosphere-float (IF), ionosphere-free-half (IFH), ionosphere-corrected (IC), and ionosphere-weighted (IW) SF-PPP models are certain to possess different characteristics and performance levels. This study is dedicated to assessing and comparing the four models from model characteristics, positioning performance, and atmosphere delay retrieval. The model comparison shows that IC and IW models are full-rank while IF and IFH models have a rank deficiency of size one that will result in biased estimations, which means the better solvability of IC and IW models. The experiments are carried out based on the 7-day Global Positioning System (GPS) observations collected at 57 global Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) stations and Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) products. The results indicate that the IW model can accelerate SF-PPP convergence and achieve higher positioning accuracy compared to the other three SF-PPP models, especially in kinematic mode. With convergence criteria of 0.25 m in horizontal and 0.5 m in vertical, the east/north/up convergence times of IW model are 0.5/15.0/25.0 min and 0.5/16.0/36.5 min for static and kinematic modes, respectively. The IW model is able to achieve an instantaneous positioning accuracy of 0.28/0.35/0.75 m. In addition, a real kinematic test also demonstrates the best positioning solutions of IW model. Regarding troposphere delay retrieval, the IF, IFH, and IW models obtain a comparable daily accuracy of 3.0 cm on average, while the IC model achieves the worst accuracy of 8.0 cm. For precise ionosphere delay estimation, IW model only needs an average initialization time of 34.3 min, but a longer initialization time of 51.6 min is required for IF model. The daily precision of ionosphere delay estimation for IW model can reach up to 10.8 cm. At the present accuracy of GIM products, it is suggested that the IW model should be adopted for SF-PPP first due to its superior performance in positioning and atmosphere delay retrieval.     

Application of CCD drift-scan photoelectric technique on monitoring GEO satellites

Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites are widely used because of their unique characteristics of high-orbit and remaining permanently in the same area of the sky. Precise monitoring of GEO satellites can provide a key reference for the judgment of satellite operation status, the capture and identification of targets, and the analysis of collision warning. The observation using ground-based optical telescopes plays an important role in the field of monitoring GEO targets. Different from distant celestial bodies, there is a relative movement between the GEO target and the background reference stars, which makes the conventional observation method limited for long focal length telescopes. CCD drift-scan photoelectric technique is applied on monitoring GEO targets. In the case of parking the telescope, the good round images of the background reference stars and the GEO target at the same sky region can be obtained through the alternating observation of CCD drift-scan mode and CCD stare mode, so as to improve the precision of celestial positioning for the GEO target. Observation experiments of GEO targets were carried out with 1.56-meter telescope of Shanghai Astronomical Observatory. The results show that the application of CCD drift-scan photoelectric technique makes the precision of observing the GEO target reach the level of 0.2″, which gives full play to the advantage of the long focal length of the telescope. The effect of orbit improvement based on multi-pass of observations is obvious and the prediction precision of extrapolating to 72-h is in the order of several arc seconds in azimuth and elevation.     

Comparison of convergence time and positioning accuracy among BDS,GPS and BDS/GPS precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution

Precise point positioning (PPP) usually takes about 30?min to obtain centimetre-level accuracy, which greatly limits its application. To address the drawbacks of convergence speed and positioning accuracy, we develop a PPP model with integrated GPS and BDS observations. Based on the method, stations with global coverage are selected to estimate the fractional cycle bias (FCB) of GPS and BDS. The short-term and long-term time series of wide-lane (WL) FCB, and the single day change of narrow-lane (NL) FCB are analysed. It is found that the range of GPS and BDS non-GEO (IGSO and MEO) WL FCB is stable at up to a 30-day-time frame. At times frame of up to 60?days, the stability is reduced a lot. Whether for short-term or long-term, the changes in the BDS GEO WL FCB are large. Moreover, BDS FCB sometimes undergoes a sudden jump. Besides, 17 and 10 stations were used respectively to investigate the convergence speed and positioning errors with six strategies: BDS ambiguity-float PPP (Bfloat), GPS ambiguity-float PPP (Gfloat), BDS/GPS ambiguity-float PPP (BGfloat), BDS ambiguity-fixed PPP (Bfix), GPS ambiguity-fixed (Gfix), and BDS/GPS ambiguity-fixed (BGfix). The average convergence speed of the ambiguity-fixed solution is greatly improved compared with the ambiguity-float solution. In terms of the average convergence time, the Bfloat is the longest and the BGfix is the shortest among these six strategies. Whether for ambiguity-float PPP or ambiguity-fixed PPP, the convergence reduction time in three directions for the combined system is the largest compared with the single BDS. The average RMS value of the Bfix in three directions (easting (E), northing (N), and up (U)) are 2.0?cm, 1.5?cm, and 5.9?cm respectively, while those of the Gfix are 0.8?cm, 0.5?cm, and 1.7?cm. Compared with single system, the BDS/GPS combined ambiguity-fixed system (BGfix) has the fastest convergence speed and the highest accuracy, with average RMS as 0.7?cm, 0.5?cm, and 1.9?cm for the E, N, U components, respectively.     

基于月光偏振罗盘的载体自主定位方法

为了克服现有偏振定位技术无法全天时工作的缺陷，充分发挥偏振定位技术的自主性，提出一种夜间环境下基于月光偏振罗盘的载体自主定位方法。设计了仿生月光偏振罗盘传感器，改进了一种基于偏振度阈值检测的月亮高度角计算方法，通过实时更新月亮赤经、赤纬和格林时角，利用不同时刻的月亮高度角解算出载体经纬度信息。最后进行静态实验，验证了算法的可行性。实验结果表明，该方法可以稳定获取载体经纬度信息，且定位误差为42.34km。该方法增强了偏振定位技术的全天时性能，在夜间环境下的自主定位领域有着重要应用价值。     

星基量子定位导航系统的测距、定位与导航

基于量子定位导航系统原理,设计并分析了基于3颗卫星的星基量子定位导航系统的测距与定位过程,包括星地光链路的建立、量子纠缠光的发射与接收、到达时间差的获取、量子定位导航系统的测距,以及用户坐标的计算与导航,并对量子定位导航系统中的每个过程的实现进行了详细的阐述。     

惯性速度辅助下GPS／捷联惯导组合系统性能研究

ＧＰＳ／惯性导航组合系统目前正得到越来越广泛的应用，但ＧＰＳ接收机载波环失锁时，码环的速率辅助信息来自惯导系统，由于惯性速度的不精确性及伪距测量误差和它之间的相关性，将可能导致组合系统工作的不稳定，本文根据码环的工作特性，在组合卡尔曼滤波器中考虑了码环的跟踪误差，利用ＧＰＳ／捷联惯导组合系统的导航性能，结果表明，ＧＰＳ／捷联惯导组合系统中，若消除了伪距测量误差与惯性速度误差之间的相关性，将可较显著     

基于Bancroft算法的GPS动态定位非线性滤波法

由于系统线性化时存在忽略项,扩展卡尔曼滤波成为一种次优的梯度下降算法.当滤波方程病态时,求解存在发散倾向,且估计量为有偏的,而非最优估计.即使动态系统噪声为高斯噪声时,残差也不是高斯噪声.在伪距定位中,由于线性化后的伪距方程是局部解,这有可能丢失正确解值.针对GPS动态导航扩展卡尔曼滤波定位问题,基于美国Bancroft的全局性非线性"闭合式求解"最小二乘算法(Bancroft算法),本文提出一种闭合式GPS非线性代数解的卡尔曼滤波法(两步算法).该方法将GPS滤波问题中的空间与时间分离,较好地解决了非线性GPS动态定位求解问题,且获得稳定可靠的动态定位解.     

基于北斗双星定位系统的组合导航滤波算法实现研究

捷联惯性导航系统的主要缺点是导航定位误差随时间增长。北斗双星定位系统是我国独立研制的一种区域性卫星导航定位系统,具有自主性强、定位精度较好的特点。因此捷联惯导与北斗双星定位的组合成为具有我国特殊意义的一种组合导航系统。论文针对北斗双星定位系统设计了一种低阶卡尔曼滤波器,建立了双星的量测噪声模型。首次提出了使用逐次逼近法来解决北斗双星系统中存在的位置滞后的问题,并且最后进行了实际的跑车验证。试验表明,该组合导航滤波算法实时性好,精度高,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

基于GPS外弹道测量方法的研究

研究了利用全球卫星定位系统(GPS)导弹外弹道的位置、速度测量的原理和方程。介绍了基于弹栽接收机和弹载转发器两种GPS测量系统的设备组成、应用及其适用范围。分析了基于GPS外弹道测量方法的不足，并提出了相应的应对措施。     

基线平面布局的GPS定姿算法

ＧＰＳ定姿线性化算法需要载体的姿态初值和迭代运算，提出一种适用于基线平面布局的矩阵元素求解算法，它不需初值和迭代计算，计算量小，运算速度快，特别适用于载体大角度姿态机动的情形。用ＴＡＮＳＶｅｃｔｏｒＧＰＳ接收机进行了实验，取得了较满意的结果。