NASA空间碎片模型

介绍ＮＡＳＡ为预示空间碎片环境未来发展趋势所建立的空间模型（包括通用模型和专用模型）及其适用范围。通用模型包括ＯＲＤＥＭ９６、ＢＵＭＰＥＲＩＩ、ＥＶＯＬＶＥ、ＣＨＡＩＮ和ＤＡＳ；专用模型包括ＮＡＳＡ碎片模型、弹道限制方程和轨道计算模型等。这些模型不仅可用于评估当前的碎片环境，而且还可评估载人与无人航天器在轨运行时的碎片碰撞风险。     

一种应用于空间碎片演化模型的碰撞概率算法

针对碰撞概率算法Cube模型参数影响空间碎片演化模型的仿真结果问题进行了深入分析与研究，并将原Cube算法进行改进，由此提出I-Cube模型。经过多次蒙特卡洛仿真结果验证，I-Cube模型对演化过程中空间碎片碰撞概率的计算更为准确合理，空间碎片长期演化模型的结果不再依赖于自身碰撞概率算法的相关参数，提高了空间碎片长期演化模型的稳定性与可信度。     

大气层外拦截器脉冲制导律

针对大气层外拦截器（EKV）轨控发动机垂直于体轴且导引头视场角极窄的特点,提出了一种采用固定推力发动机沿视线法向方向调整拦截弹速度矢量实施轨控的脉冲制导（PG）方法。制导开始时制导系统确定制导脉冲的施加时刻及制导脉宽,并引导制导系统选择轨控发动机执行;用施加修正制导脉冲的方式修正拦截双方地球引力加速度差对拦截效果的影响,并确定修正脉冲的施加时刻;选择修正制导脉冲施加时刻通过实施的脉冲修正方案消除末制导段的零控脱靶量。仿真结果表明：与修正的真比例导引制导相比,脉冲制导的能耗少、实施易,拦截过程中拦截双方的高度差越小,其拦截代价也越小。     

利用精化误差进行危险交会分析

空间碎片碰撞预警工作主要针对的是可监测的较大空间碎片, 预测航天器与碎片之间的碰撞风险, 并根据一定的预警判据来评估风险的大小, 进而做出合理的轨道规避决策. 碰撞概率是碰撞风险评估的重要依据. 复合体尺寸、交会距离和误差是影响碰撞概率的三个决定性因素. 当复合体尺寸与交会距离差别不大时, 误差因素对碰撞概率结果起着决定性的作用. 在利用整天误差计算碰撞概率的基础上, 提出了利用精化误差计算碰撞概率的方法, 在危险交会分析中取得了良好的效果.      

Constant thrust collision avoidance maneuver under thruster failure

In this paper, the collision avoidance maneuver under the chaser’s thruster failure in radial direction is investigated. First, based on the vision measurement, the relative position parameters of the target spacecraft are obtained and the target maneuvre positions are calculated through the isochronous interpolation method. Then, by using coupling effects, the thrusters working time intervals can be computed by the time series analysis method. The perturbations and fuel consumptions are addressed during the computation of the thrusters working time intervals. Next, the switching control law under constant thrust is designed for active collision avoidance maneuvres along a specified trajectory.     

Homotopy based optimal configuration space reduction for anytime robotic motion planning

Anytime sampling-based motion planning algorithms are widely used in practical applications due to limited real-time computing resources. The algorithm quickly finds feasible paths and incrementally improves them to the optimal ones. However, anytime sampling-based algorithms bring a paradox in convergence speed since finding a better path helps prune useless candidates but also introduces unrecognized useless candidates by sampling. Based on the words of homotopy classes, we propose a Homotopy class Informed Preprocessor (HIP) to break the paradox by providing extra information. By comparing the words of path candidates, HIP can reveal wasteful edges of the sampling-based graph before finding a better path. The experimental results obtained in many test scenarios show that HIP improves the convergence speed of anytime sampling-based algorithms.     

基于人工势场法的月球表层采样装置避障规划

表层采样技术是获取地外天体土壤样品的重要手段,为在月表复杂地形、不确定着陆姿态、不规则器表包络约束下,快速获取安全的表层采样动态轨迹,文章根据四自由度表层采样装置设计,分析了工作过程中的正逆运动学关系;根据表层采样装置动、静态目标点运动要求,将约束空间分解为有效障碍检测区与不可达集,进行表层采样避障规划;为加快规划速度,针对表层采样装置瞬态构型构建了动态障碍检测区、动态不可达集;结合人工势场法提出了避障规划算法。对典型姿态下表层采样过程的避障规划仿真表明,该算法可实现约束条件下的表层采样轨迹规划,并对表层采样装置适应性设计提供支持。     

Highly reliable relative navigation for multi-UAV formation flight in urban environments

Formation flight of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is expected to bring significant benefits to a wide range of applications. Accurate and reliable relative position information is a prerequisite to safely maintain a fairly close distance between UAVs and to achieve inner-system collision avoidance. However, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements are vulnerable to erroneous signals in urban canyons, which could potentially lead to catastrophic consequences. Accordingly, on the basis of performing relative positioning with double differenced pseudoranges, this paper develops an integrity monitoring framework to improve navigation integrity (a measure of reliability) in urban environments. On the one hand, this framework includes a fault detection and exclusion scheme to protect against measurement faults. To accommodate urban scenarios, spatial dependence in the faults are taken into consideration by this scheme. On the other hand, relative protection level is rigorously derived to describe the probabilistic error bound of the navigation output. This indicator can be used to evaluate collision risk and to warn collision danger in real time. The proposed algorithms are validated by both simulations and flight experiments. Simulation results quantitatively reveal the sensitivity of navigation performance to receiver configurations and environmental conditions. And experimental results suggest high efficiency and effectiveness of the new integrity monitoring framework.     

编队卫星碰撞规避方法研究

对编队卫星碰撞规避方法进行了研究。通过递推编队卫星的初始状态协方差阵,将碰撞概率密度函数在危险区域积分获得编队卫星的碰撞概率。当碰撞概率大于安全阈值时,向卫星施加最小脉冲速度修正量Δv,在垂直于终止时刻相对速度的平面机动一定距离以降低碰撞概率。仿真结果表明:用计算的碰撞概率能较好地预测编队卫星的潜在碰撞危险,所选机动策略有效。     

面向航天器装配的机械臂柔性力控研究

针对航天器装配的特点,研究一种机械臂柔性力控方法:在机械臂末端安装六维力传感器感力与力矩信息,通过重力补偿消除负载重力的影响,得到外部作用力/力矩信息作为输入控制机械臂运动,实现负载的柔性随动。