Assessing ecohydrological factors variations and their relationships at different spatio-temporal scales in semiarid area,northwestern China

As a typical semiarid farming-pastoral ecotone sensitive to the environmennt, the Plain of West Liaohe Basin (WLBP) is currently experiencing drastic environmental changes. To identify how environmental change affect vegetation in the WLBP, we analysed spatiotemporal variation characteristics of Ecological environment factors based on monthly and annual air temperature (T), precipitation (P) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 1982 to 2015. And the correlations between them were investigated by correlation analysis (Simple correlation, partial correlation and complex correlation) at temporal and spatial scale. The results showed that: (1) the vegetation growth of the WLBP showed ameliorated trend, with a change rate of 0.004/yr.; (2) P was more sensitive to NDVI than T; (3) and the influence of hydrothermal changes on vegetation growth was more significant than that of the change of single climate factors at time scales; (4) the effects of anthropogenic factors on vegetation change were 75.07% (1982–1993) and 98.08% (1994–2015), respectively. At the temp-special scales, P&T and land use type change (LUCC) were the main climatic and anthropogenic factors that affect vegetation changes, respectively.     

大型运输机动力增升喷流效应数值模拟

参照C-17运输机发动机安装位置,考虑内、外涵道分开排气,建立了外吹式襟翼动力增升全机几何分析模型以及相应的巡航构型.采用结构化多块网格技术,基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方法,分别对全机增升构型和单独发动机动力喷流进行数值模拟验证,在此基础上对外吹式襟翼动力喷流效应展开研究.对于低速动力增升构型,发动机喷流大部分直接冲刷襟翼下表面而后向下偏转,部分高速气流经襟翼缝道引射并加速后吹向襟翼上表面,两部分气流在襟翼后缘汇合并向下游延伸,喷流冲刷襟翼时存在明显展向横流特征.在动力喷流影响下,不仅襟翼环量大幅增加,缝翼和主翼上的环量也均有所增加,全机可用升力系数和最大升力系数均突破了机械式增升装置的极限,达到4.0以上.同时,全机低头力矩大幅增加,为纵向配平带来额外的压力.对于相应的高速巡航构型,发动机喷流主要影响机翼下表面的压力分布,使得全机升力减小,阻力明显增大.动力增升构型在基本翼设计过程中应充分考虑喷流的影响.      

Refined dynamical analysis of multi-tethered satellite formations

The dynamics of a multi-tethered satellite formation is considered here, in order to derive a minimum complexity model that successfully represents its dynamics under the action of gravity gradient force and tether tension, where tethers are modeled by means of a sequence of point-masses and massless springs (bead model). The results thus obtained are compared with those derived for a simple, massless tether model, in order to highlight the effects of tether mass on the resulting open-loop behavior. The analysis is performed by means of numerical simulation of the considered models. Once the dynamic behavior of the formation is identified for the nominal values of tether characteristics, the problems raised by the presence of tether mass are highlighted and possible solutions are outlined, when possible. A parametric analysis with respect to the tether linear mass, damping and stiffness is also discussed.     

小型高精度重力计的微装配技术

以重力计的重力摆锤装配为例介绍了微装配系统的组成、夹持技术、力反馈技术.采用微装配技术以及进行装配工艺研究,重力摆锤的装配成活率由以前的25%提高到了81%,并降低了对工人的技能要求.     

水陆两栖飞机静力试验优化机翼变形的载荷配平

水陆两栖飞机全机静力试验的浮筒着水工况试验中，在试验允许的常规载荷配平方案下，压向大量级水载荷作用于浮筒结构引起机翼较大变形，影响试验精度，因此进行以减少机翼变形为目标的载荷配平研究。将机翼近似为悬臂梁结构，在构建的机翼力学模型基础上应用Green函数建立机翼的挠度曲线方程。首次以考核区域边界肋的挠度和转角为优化目标并建立多目标函数，通过层次分析法和极差变换标准化处理方法将其转化为单目标函数后，采用引入交叉和变异因子的改进蚁群算法进行载荷配平方案优化运算。有限元分析及试验结果显示，优化得到的载荷配平方案可以显著地减少机翼变形，配平载荷不影响考核区域的真实变形，证明了该优化方案的正确性和可行性。     

Experimental study of effect of post processing on fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth performance of selective laser melting Ti-6Al-4V

For Ti-6Al-4V, a titanium alloy increasingly used in aerospace structure, selective laser melting (SLM) is an attractive additive manufacturing technology, which is attributed to its complex construction capability with high accuracy and good surface quality. In order to obtain qualified mechanical properties, SLM parameters and post processing should be tailored for diverse service conditions. Fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior are critical characteristics for damage tolerance evaluation of such metallic structures, and they are affected by post processing technologies significantly. The objective of this study is to obtain the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth behavior of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by SLM, and to evaluate the influence of post-SLM thermomechanical treatment and surface machining. Fracture toughness and FCG tests were performed for SLM Ti-6Al-4V in three types of post processing status: as-built, heat treated and hot isostatically pressed (HIPed), respectively. Specimens with as-built and machined surface were tested. The microstructure and fractography were analyzed as well in order to investigate the relevance among manufacture process, microstructure and mechanical properties. The results demonstrate that as-built SLM Ti-6Al-4V presents poor ductility and FCG behavior due to martensitic microstructure and residual stresses. Both heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing improve the plane-stress fracture toughness and FCG performance considerably, while surface machining shows slight effect.     

复合材料机身壁板的强度分析与试验验证

复合材料在大型客机机身主承力结构应用是近年来的发展趋势，通过分析与大型壁板试验结合的方式研究了复合材料机身壁板的静力承载能力，以及疲劳与损伤容限特性。采用理论公式、半经验公式、有限元模态分析研究了蒙皮的屈曲载荷、壁板的承载能力。依靠创新的机身壁板多轴载荷试验系统，模拟机身壁板的实际受载情况，实现充压载荷、拉伸/压缩、剪切载荷的独立施加与组合施加。通过静力试验验证蒙皮屈曲的工程及有限元分析方法和壁板的剩余强度承载分析方法。引入预埋缺陷、BVID、VID冲击损伤，通过试验研究了损伤对应变分布的影响，并通过疲劳、损伤容限试验，验证了壁板的设计以及损伤的无扩展特性。     

基于薄膜热电堆的新型高温瞬态热流密度传感器的研制

目前针对国内薄膜瞬态热流传感器一致性较差、制备工艺不成熟等问题，提出了一种基于光刻工艺和离子束溅射镀膜工艺的制备方法，200对T型金属薄膜热电偶沉积在10mm×10mm的水冷块上，测量1μm的氧化铝热阻层温差，从而得到瞬态热流密度值。对新型高温瞬态热流密度传感器进行比对法标定，一致性误差为0.211%，即工艺的一致性约为99.79%。实验表明，研制的新型高温瞬态热流密度传感器的一致性好,制备工艺具备良好重复性和可移植性，能够满足高温瞬态热流检测需要，为热流传感器的推广应用及标准化、批量化生产提供了良好的技术支撑。     

Performance optimization of grooved slippers for aero hydraulic pumps

A computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation method based on 3-D Navier–Stokes equation and Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian(ALE) method is presented to analyze the grooved slipper performance of piston pump.The moving domain of grooved slipper is transformed into a fixed reference domain by the ALE method,which makes it convenient to take the effects of rotate speed,body force,temperature,and oil viscosity into account.A geometric model to express the complex structure,which covers the orifice of piston and slipper,vented groove and the oil film,is constructed.Corresponding to different oil film thicknesses calculated in light of hydrostatic equilibrium theory and boundary conditions,a set of simulations is conducted in COMSOL to analyze the pump characteristics and effects of geometry(groove width and radius,orifice size) on these characteristics.Furthermore,the mechanics and hydraulics analyses are employed to validate the CFD model,and there is an excellent agreement between simulation and analytical results.The simulation results show that the sealing land radius,orifice size and groove width all dramatically affect the slipper behavior,and an optimum tradeoff among these factors is conducive to optimizing the pump design.