Modeling satellite drag coefficients with response surfaces

Satellite drag coefficients are a major source of uncertainty in predicting the drag force on satellites in low Earth orbit. Among other things, accurately predicting the orbit requires detailed knowledge of the satellite drag coefficient. Computational methods are an important tool in computing the drag coefficient but are too intensive for real-time and predictive applications. Therefore, analytic or empirical models that can accurately predict drag coefficients are desired. This work uses response surfaces to model drag coefficients. The response surface methodology is validated by developing a response surface model for the drag coefficient of a sphere where the closed-form solution is known. The response surface model performs well in predicting the drag coefficient of a sphere with a root mean square percentage error less than 0.3% over the entire parameter space. For more complex geometries, such as the GRACE satellite, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the International Space Station, the model errors are only slightly larger at about 0.9%, 0.6%, and 1.0%, respectively.     

等离子体热效应对NACA0012翼型增升减阻的研究

基于等离子体热效应机理,在来流速度为34m/s和攻角0～12°内,对NACA0012翼型在等离子体激励下的流场特性进行数值模拟。通过研究等离子体激励的位置和数量对翼型的升阻力特性的影响,得出翼型增升减阻的最佳位置和数量。为保证计算模型的准确性,将未激励的翼型流场参数与NASA实验数据进行对比验证。结果表明:未激励翼型的流场计算参数与实验结果吻合度较高;在等离子体单激励下,最佳减阻位置位于翼型下表面的前缘,最佳增升位置位于翼型下表面的后缘,且二者受攻角的影响较大;在翼型下表面的前缘和后缘同时施加激励时,翼型的减阻比约为20%,最大增升比为52%。     

Three-axis coupled flight control law design for flying wing aircraft using eigenstructure assignment method

Due to elimination of horizontal and vertical tails, flying wing aircraft has poor longitudinal and directional dynamic characteristics. In addition, flying wing aircraft uses drag rudders for yaw control, which tends to generate strong three-axis control coupling. To overcome these problems, a flight control law design method that couples the longitudinal axis with the lateral-directional axes is proposed. First, the three-axis coupled control augmentation structure is specified. In the structure, a “soft/hard” cross-connection method is developed for three-axis dynamic decoupling and longitudinal control response decoupling from the drag rudders; maneuvering turn angular rate estimation and subtraction are used in the yaw axis to improve the directional damping. Besides, feedforward control is adopted to improve the maneuverability and control decoupling performance. Then, detailed design methods for feedback and feedforward control parameters are established using eigenstructure assignment and model following technique. Finally, the proposed design method is evaluated and compared with conventional method by numeric simulations. The influences of control derivatives variation of drag rudders on the method are also analyzed. It is demonstrated that the method can effectively improve the dynamic characteristics of flying wing aircraft, especially the directional damping characteristics, and decouple the longitudinal responses from the drag rudders.     

内外环对高速球轴承中球体拖曳阻力系数的影响

在液体润滑的高速球轴承中,球体公转运动会受到润滑流体的拖曳阻力,对球轴承的动力及产热等性能造成显著影响。针对球轴承中球形滚动体公转的流体拖曳阻力问题,建立平板夹层单球体绕流模型,通过数值模拟和实验研究的方法,研究内外环对球体绕流的流动特征及压力分布的影响,分析单球体绕流的拖曳阻力系数变化规律,并与开放空间球绕流模型进行对比。研究表明,建立的数值计算方法和实验结果吻合良好,误差不超过10%。在相同雷诺数下,由于内外壁面的限流作用,球体与壁面接触区域压差阻力明显增大,导致夹层空间球绕流中球体拖曳阻力系数明显高于开放空间球绕流,在103Re105内约为开放空间球体阻力系数的两倍。     

脊状表面的加工成型技术及其减阻试验研究

为了研究脊状表面的减阻特性,采用数控加工技术在有机玻璃平板上制备脊状表面.在制备过程中,成功解决了脊状结构尺寸的确定、材料的选择、表面粗糙度的提高等问题.利用热线风速仪在低速风洞中分别对光滑表面和多个脊状表面进行了流场测试,获得了湍流边界层内流动参数的分布情况.试验结果表明,脊状表面改变了边界层内的流场结构,抑制了湍流...     

Modelling and design of wing tip devices at various flight conditions using a databased aerodynamic prediction tool

A design study of wing tip devices at high and low speeds is described. The basis of the design study is an equivalent drag approach containing both aerodynamic drag gain and structural weight penalty. A comprehensive parameter study is carried out using a rapid aerodynamic prediction tool named Lift and Drag Component Analysis (LIDCA). Adding to an available lifting-line method a databased module for airfoil data is employed that uses results of two-dimensional flow simulations by multidimensional interpolation. Detailed validation studies of the method at high lift and high speed have demonstrated good accuracy. RANS computations of the selected wing tip designs confirm the predicted benefits at cruise condition. The results of the most effective wing tip designs are analysed at both flight conditions. Finally, options for improving the performance at take-off are suggested.     

Drag coefficient modeling for grace using Direct Simulation Monte Carlo

Drag coefficient is a major source of uncertainty in predicting the orbit of a satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO). Computational methods like the Test Particle Monte Carlo (TPMC) and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) are important tools in accurately computing physical drag coefficients. However, the methods are computationally expensive and cannot be employed real time. Therefore, modeling of the physical drag coefficient is required. This work presents a technique of developing parameterized drag coefficients models using the DSMC method. The technique is validated by developing a model for the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite. Results show that drag coefficients computed using the developed model for GRACE agree to within 1% with those computed using DSMC.     

飞机最优巡航条件的确定

续航性能是飞机的主要战术技术指标之一。从飞机巡航段航程的基本公式出发，利用导数求极值的性质，推导出确定飞机巡航爬升和平流层内最佳巡航条件的方程，证明了最优巡航马赫数出现在飞机阻力增加区段，最优巡航高度存在于飞机阻力最小处。最后以某型飞机的巡航爬升条件和平流层平飞最优马赫数和高度的确定作为算例，说明用此方法确定飞机巡航条件，将使飞机获得最大航程。     

模拟冲压进气条件对PDE推力测量影响

研究了射流模拟冲压进气条件下,气源喷口尺寸和气源压头对脉冲爆震发动机(PDE)地面台架试验推力测量的影响,分析地面台架试验中阻力和测量推力随模拟进气条件变化的规律。研究结果表明,PDE充填速度随气源压头或气源喷口尺寸的增加而增加;PDE阻力随气源压头的增加线性增加,随喷口尺寸增加而增加;喷口尺寸在78~105 mm内,PDE台架测量推力随喷口尺寸增加而增加。     

低轨卫星的气动特性预测与分析

针对低轨卫星高空自由分子流区的飞行环境特征,采用GOCE卫星典型弹道下的气动数据对DSMC仿真方法进行了算例验证,并就CLL模型下不同物面反射系数对GOCE卫星流场特征及气动特性的预测差异进行了对比分析,给出不同物面反射系数对卫星阻力预测的定量差异.结果表明,本文方法所得气动阻力与文献结果吻合较好,能够在此飞行区域给出合理的气动阻力;当反射系数从0.1逐渐变化至1.0时,卫星流场的驻点区域、尾部方向舵区域压力分布逐渐从带状结构向扇形结构过渡;在所研究的工况下,随着物面反射系数的增加,摩阻系数预测结果偏大,压阻系数预测结果偏小,总阻力先增加后减小,约在反射系数0.8附近达到最大.