摩擦作用下金属氧化反应的机理

某些金属在空气中摩擦时生成的润滑性氧化膜由于具有低摩擦系数、高耐磨性和自修复等特点越来越受到关注。摩擦过程中氧化膜的生成速度超过磨损速度是获得有效润滑的必要条件。摩擦氧化的动力学机制不同于热氧化，本文基于致密氧化膜的抛物线生长模型研究了摩擦状况下的氧化膜生长规律，使之尽早获得推广应用，具有广阔的市场前景     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊缝Al2Cu相聚集行为特征分析

对2219C10S状态铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接试验,发现焊缝中存在聚集物的异常聚集现象,聚集相在X光检测中显示为亮白色聚集物,主要形态分为团块状、线状和指状三种,聚集相处焊缝的力学性能与无聚集相焊缝的力学性能基本相同。各形态聚集相的分布位置受搅拌头焊接影响区域的不同而不同,团块状聚集相主要存在于焊核中心或偏焊缝上表面位置处,线状和指状聚集相主要存在于焊核中心或偏焊缝根部位置处。对异常聚集相进行能谱分析知,聚集相主要组成元素为Al和Cu,原子百分比近似为2∶1,确定聚集相主要成分为Al2Cu。对聚集相的成因进行分析认为,聚集相的产生主要受搅拌摩擦焊接热输入及搅拌头机械搅拌作用的影响,在焊接过程中,塑态软化金属中的Al2Cu在填补搅拌针后方空腔的过程中出现了聚集行为,随着塑态金属的凝固,聚集行为开始变得缓慢并结束。     

2219铝合金变截面结构搅拌摩擦焊接工艺及组织特性

针对变截面结构产品,提出了一种变截面搭接结构搅拌摩擦焊接方法,通过加装辅助板将整条焊缝焊接方向上补偿为等厚度。焊接采用一次定位焊接+二次定位焊接+正式焊接的工艺方式,一次定位焊为预定位,二次定位焊保证辅助板与试片主体结构之间形成有效连接,正式焊保证形成完整的焊缝。焊缝表面成形良好,超声相控阵检测无超标缺陷。通过对力学性能的分析,变截面搭接结构处焊缝与非搭接处焊缝和常规对接焊缝的力学性能基本相同,平均抗拉强度均达到母材的70%以上,平均延伸率均在5.8%以上。变截面搭接焊缝焊核处晶粒形态为细小的等轴晶,靠近轴肩影响区部分的晶粒尺寸大于靠近焊缝根部的晶粒尺寸,受再结晶影响,焊缝两侧热机影响区处辅助板搭接界面消失。     

出舱通信系统的返向信号功率自动控制方法

出舱活动任务面临载人航天器同时与多名出舱航天员之间的数据交互需求,若采用传统的恒定发射功率无线通信模式,可能由于多名航天员舱外活动位置不同导致通信不均衡及互相干扰问题。为保证所有出舱航天员的通信链路稳定,提出一种功率自动控制方法,利用位于载人航天器内部的出舱通信处理器实时接收所有出舱航天员的返向信号,并分别对信干比进行评估,根据评估结果按照外环和内环两种方式进行航天员返向信号的功率控制,最终使出舱通信处理器接收到的所有航天员的返向信号信干比接近,保证与出舱航天员之间的正常通信。通过搭建试验平台对功率自动控制方法进行验证,结果表明:该方法可实现出舱通信处理器收到的所有返向信号的信干比接近,能解决远近效应问题,提升多人出舱通信链路的可靠性。     

应用OFI和Preston管测量亚跨声速摩擦应力

在0.6m×0.6m亚跨超声速风洞中，采用油膜干涉测量技术（OFI）和Preston管方法开展了马赫数0.4~0.8下的平板模型表面摩擦应力测量实验研究。模型头部经过椭圆化处理，避免出现流动分离。实验发现:在亚跨声速条件下，两种方法的测量结果具有很好的一致性；油膜粘性对摩擦应力测量结果影响很小；当来流马赫数或总压发生变化时，摩擦应力系数随来流动压或马赫数与雷诺数的乘积（Ma·Re）的增大而减小。在Ma=0.4和0.6时，观测到一种类似斑纹的干涉图像，基于其特性分析，提出以此作为一种转捩判据的设想；在Ma=0.8时，未观察到类似斑纹，根据油膜图像和数值模拟结果判断，模型头部出现了分离泡，边界层由分离诱导转捩。     

干切削刀具的耐用度试验研究

利用硬质合金刀具和陶瓷刀具，对渗碳淬硬钢20CrMnTi进行以车代磨的干车削试验，得出了干车削时的刀具耐用度和陶瓷刀具的T-v曲线，建立了T-v经验公式，并研究了陶瓷刀具的磨损机理。     

引气剂对干硬性混凝土性能的影响及施工对策

随着我国经济实力的增长和科学技术的发展，外加剂在混凝土中得到了广泛的应用。本文论述引气剂作用机理，探讨引气剂对干硬性混凝土性能的影响，以及在施工中遇到的问题及采取的施工措施。掺加引气剂能够明显改善混凝土工作性提高其抗冻性，满足工程设计要求。只要科学管理，严格控制配合比，引气剂在于硬性混凝土的应用会被人们所认知。     

Friction moment analysis of space gyroscope bearing with ribbon cage under ultra-low oscillatory motion

This paper presents the model of calculating the total friction moment of space gyroscope ball bearings which usually work under ultra-low oscillatory motion and are very sensitive to the friction moment. The aim is to know the proportion of the friction moment caused by each frictional source in the bearing＇s total friction moment, which is helpful to optimize the bearing design to deduce the friction moment. In the model, the cage dynamic equations considering six degree-of-freedom and the balls dynamic equations considering two degree-of-freedom were solved.The good trends with different loads between the measured friction moments and computational results prove that the model under constant rate was validated. The computational results show that when the speed was set at 5 r/min, the bearing＇s maximum total friction moment when oscillation occurred was obviously larger than that occurred at a constant rate. At the onset of each oscillatory motion, the proportion of the friction moment caused by cage in the bearing＇s total friction moment was very high, and it increased with the increasing speed. The analyses of different cage thicknesses and different clearances between cage pocket and ball show that smaller thickness and clearance were preferred.     

Application in prestiction friction compensation for angular velocity loop of inertially stabilized platforms

To overcome the influence of the nonlinear friction on the gimbaled servo-system of an inertial stabilized platforms(ISPs) with DC motor direct-drive, the methods of modeling and compensation of the nonlinear friction are proposed. Firstly, the inapplicability of LuGre model when trying to interpret the backward angular displacement in the prestiction regime is observed experimentally and the reason is deduced theoretically. Then, based on the dynamic model of direct-drive ISPs, a modified LuGre model is proposed to describe the characteristic of the friction in the prestiction regime. Furthermore, the state switch condition of the three friction regimes including presliding, gross sliding and prestiction is presented. Finally, a composite compensation controller including a nonlinear friction observer and a feedforward compensator based on the novel LuGre model is designed to restrain the nonlinear friction and to improve the control precision. Experimental results indicate that compared with those of the conventional proportion–integration–differentiation(PID) control method and the PID plus LuGre model-based friction compensation method, the dwell-time has decreased from 0.2 s to almost 0 s, the position error decreased to 86.7%and the peak-to-peak value of position error decreased to 80% after the novel compensation controller is added. It concludes that the composite compensation controller can greatly improve the control precision of the dynamic sealed ISPs.