Muscle atrophy associated with microgravity in rat: basic data for countermeasures

Morphological, contractile properties and myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of rat soleus muscles were studied after 2 weeks of unloading (HS) and after 2 weeks of HS associated with selective deafferentation (HS + DEAF) at the level L4 and L5. The same significant reductions in muscle mass and tetanic tension were found after HS and HS + DEAF. However, the transformation of the slow-twitch soleus muscle towards a faster type characterized by a decrease in twitch time parameters and an increase in fast-twitch type MHC isoforms in HS did not appear in HS + DEAF conditions. Our results also showed that a pattern similar to firing rate of motoneurones innervating slow-twitch muscles inhibited the slow to fast fiber changes observed during HS. Nevertheless, neither the loss of mass or force output in the HS muscles were prevented by electrostimulation. Immobilization in a stretched position during HS maintained the muscle wet weight, mechanical and electrophoretical characteristics close to control values. We concluded that the decrease in mechanical strains imposed on the muscle during unloading was the main factor for the development of atrophy, while the kinetic changes might be predominantly modulated by the nervous command. These basic data suggested that some experimental conditions such as electrostimulation or stretching, could participate in countermeasure programmes.     

改善推进剂老化和低温物理性质的键合剂系统

新的混合键合剂系统用于端羟基聚丁二烯推进剂配方时,推进剂的高温老化特性和低温物理性质都有很大改善。混合键合剂系统由 MT_4[2.0克分子三-1-(2-甲基氮丙啶)膦化氧、0.7克分子已二酸和0.3克分子酒石酸的反应产物]、HX752[双-间苯二酰-1-(2-甲基)氨丙啶]和 BIDE(丁基亚胺二乙醇)组成,其重量百分含量分别占推进剂组成的0.10～0.20%、0.10～0.20%和0.02～0.05%。     

全桥ZVS变换器的一个新系列

本文介绍软开关全桥（FB）脉宽调制（PWM）变换器的一种新系列，它的特征是在宽范围输入电压和输出负载上所有桥开关是零电压开关（ZVS）的，并且具有最小的占空比损耗和环流。ZVS的初级开关采用两个磁性元件来实现，两个桥臂间的相移变化使这两个磁性元件的伏秒积作相反方向的变化。其中一个磁性元件是变压器，而另一个是耦合电感器或是单绕组电感器。采用变压器是提供隔离输出，而电感器用于为ZVS存贮能量。     

氮化铝薄膜及复合体波谐振器

为了在超高频范围内对基模振荡器进行控制和运用滤波器,开展了对于小型体波谐振器的基本材料和器件特性的研究。本文报道了氮化铝(ALN)在构成复合谐振器几何形状和边缘支撑型晶片结构方面的性能。 ALN薄膜是在直流平板磁控管溅镀装置中,用中间电极溅射出来的AL和等离子气体中的N_2之间的等离子体反应生成的。一般溅镀条件是:溅镀压力=1×10~(-3)毛,空气含氮量=99.999％基片温度=200℃,直流功率-225瓦,溅镀率=1.2微米/小时。ALN薄膜的品质用扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射法和奥格(Auger)电子分光镜进行鉴定。检测结果说明,溅镀的ALN薄膜具有严格的晶向结构,其C轴垂直于Si(硅)基片表面。对于由1.7微米ALN薄膜和8微米Si基片组成的谐振器,测出的基频串联谐振频率为328.53兆赫,基频并联谐振频率为328.61兆赫。这种规格谐振器的Q值约有7500,它在-20℃至+120℃范围内的实测温度系数约为-4×10~(-8)/℃。对于具有1.7微米ALN薄膜和6微米Si基片的谐振器,实测的温度系数是-6×10~(-6)/℃。这种规格谐振器的Q值约为5000,它的基频串联谐振频率是524.11兆赫,而基频并联谐振频率是524.45兆赫。应用微电子半导体加工技术,已经制成了边缘支撑型ALN晶片。晶片厚度为1.0至7微米,面积约为300平方微米。这种晶片是边缘支撑型的,这与以前报道的底膜支撑型薄膜是不相同的。厚度为6.5微米的典型ALN晶片在790兆赫附近产生基模谐振,耦合系数为10.3％。在-20℃至120℃范围内测得的温度系数可达到-20.5×10~(-6)/℃。目前,已按外延特性制造出具有水平C轴的氧化锌ZnO晶片。这种晶片显示出切变波谐振特性,这意味着晶片有很高的谐振Q和比较简单的模式结构。     

采用硅雪崩器件的1000V、300PS脉冲产生电路

把一个马氏(Marx)成形的雪崩晶体管串联电路和一个脉冲上升时间锐化二极管串连,将会在50Ω负载上产生一个幅度大于1000V、上升时间小于300ps 的脉冲。这个电路的触发延迟时间大约是7～10ns,晃动小于100ps。这个电路已被用于产生高至5 KHz 重复频率的脉冲。引言快速上升时间(纳秒)高压(千伏级)电脉冲在仪器快速瞬态测量中有很多用途。典型     

The Suess-Urey mission (return of solar matter to Earth)

The Suess-Urey (S-U) mission has been proposed as a NASA Discovery mission to return samples of matter from the Sun to the Earth for isotopic and chemical analyses in terrestrial laboratories to provide a major improvement in our knowledge of the average chemical and isotopic composition of the solar system. The S-U spacecraft and sample return capsule will be placed in a halo orbit around the L1 Sun-Earth libration point for two years to collect solar wind ions which implant into large passive collectors made of ultra-pure materials. Constant Spacecraft-Sun-Earth geometries enable simple spin stabilized attitude control, simple passive thermal control, and a fixed medium gain antenna. Low data requirements and the safety of a Sun-pointed spinner, result in extremely low mission operations costs.     

Influence of graviceptives cues at different level of visual information processing: the effect of prolonged weightlessness

We evaluated the influence of prolonged weightlessness on the performance of visual tasks in the course of the Russian-French missions ANTARES, Post-ANTARES and ALTAIR aboard the MIR station. Eight cosmonauts were subjects in two experiments executed pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight sessions.

In the first experiment, cosmonauts performed a task of symmetry detection in 2-D polygons. The results indicate that this detection is locked in a head retinal reference frame rather than in an environmentally defined one as meridional orientations of symmetry axis (vertical and horizontal) elicited faster response times than oblique ones. However, in weightlessness the saliency of a retinally vertical axis of symmetry is no longer significantly different from an horizontal axis. In the second experiment, cosmonauts performed a mental rotation task in which they judged whether two 3-D objects presented in different orientations were identical. Performance on this task is basically identical in weightlessness and normal gravity.     

The natural cytotoxicity in cosmonauts on board space stations

The nature of the changes of resistance to infection seems to be very important. Our studies indicate that different functions of natural killers could be depressed after the spaceflight. The decrease of the percentage of the lymphocytes that can bind target cells lead to the lowering of the “active” NK level and this can be resulted in the depression of total NK activity and lowering of resistance to viral and tumor antigens. The investigation of natural killer cells in cosmonauts before and after short and long-term spaceflights also revealed the important role of spaceflight duration, stress and individual immune reactivity.     

遥测处理器和图形记录器之间的通用接口

在遥测领域通常使用的图形记录器都经由一系列数一模转换器系统连于遥测处理器上，一种新的模块结构系统直接从处理器广播总线接收数据，并将其分配给１０台数字式图形记录器，该接口由计算机编程，为每个显示通道指定独特的标记，该系统省去ＤＡＣｓ和接插板，它简化了显示系统的工作，加速了从试验到试验的过渡过程并减少了维修费用。     

中国飞机维修业职业培训

众所周知,中国的航空运输业正呈现飞速发展之势.中国民用航空总局(CAAC)给出的数据显示,今后5年中国的航空公司将引进650架飞机.今后20年,为满足不断扩张的机队对维修服务的需求,以及承接越来越多来自其他国家的飞机维修和大修业务,如客改货项目,整个民航业将需要至少24万名受过专业培训的维修人员,而现实是目前拥有的有飞机维修资质的人员离需求相去甚远,维修人员的严重短缺将对维修人员的培训提出严峻挑战.