A study of the material density distribution of space debris

Material density is an important, yet often overlooked, property of orbital debris particles. Many models simply use a typical density to represent all breakup fragments. While adequate for modeling average characteristics in some applications, a single value material density may not be sufficient for reliable impact damage assessments. In an attempt to improve the next-generation NASA Orbital Debris Engineering Model, a study on the material density distribution of the breakup fragments has been conducted and summarized in this paper.     

可重复使用运载器再入数学建模

针对可重复使用运载器(RLV)方案论证和初步设计阶段对模型的需求,提出了一种RLV再入概念设计,进行了数学建模研究。RLV采用翼身组合体的气动布局,包括左右升降副翼、方向舵和机体襟翼。对其无动力再入返回姿态控制,建立了反作用控制系统/气动舵复合控制数学模型。再入过程要经历自由分子流区、稀薄大气过渡流区和连续流区,基于气动力的工程计算方法建立了这三个流区的RLV气动模型。控制特性分析与六自由度再入仿真表明,所设计的RLV控制模型具有与航天飞机轨道器一致的再入飞行特性,证明了数学建模的有效性,能够进一步用于RLV姿态控制的研究。     

使用解析目标分流策略的海洋卫星多学科优化

在海洋卫星总体设计阶段,为了提高卫星整体设计性能和效率,采用多学科设计优化（MDO）技术对其总体参数进行设计优化。考虑轨道、有效载荷、结构和电源四个学科的设计变量和约束条件,以卫星总质量最小为优化目标建立海洋卫星MDO模型;针对各学科优化问题属性设计高效的优化方案并采用解析目标分流（ATC）这一多级MDO策略来协调整个优化过程。优化后海洋卫星总质量相对海洋一号（HY-1）卫星下降17.6%,整个优化过程花费的时间也比采用单级All at once(AAO)策略减少85.7%。一方面表明所建立的海洋卫星MDO模型的合理有效性,另一方面表明ATC策略结合学科定制优化方案的求解技术的有效性。     

基于HLA的航天飞行任务联合仿真系统设计

简要说明了HLA的基本特点,描述了一个已经实现的航天测控仿真系统,并将其结构思想与HLA进行了对照。在此基础上,提出了一个依据HLA标准,对航天员座舱仿真、火箭和飞船仿真、测控网仿真等进行集成的航天飞行任务联合仿真系统框架,分析了各个仿真联邦成员的功能需求和信息接口,并着重介绍了针对任务要求的时间管理、数据通信等关键RTI机制的设计和实现方法,以及参照FEDEP模型和借助商业成品软件工具的系统开发策略。     

基于非线性Wiener过程航空发动机性能退化预测

针对线性随机过程航空发动机剩余使用寿命预测精度不高的问题,提出一种漂移系数为指数形式的非线性Wiener过程发动机性能退化建模,进而预测航空发动机的剩余寿命。基于直接监测发动机性能退化数据,构建发动机性能退化模型,根据Wiener过程首达阈值时间的数学性质,推导出剩余寿命的概率分布。通过极大似然估计构建退化模型中未知参数的似然函数,利用遗传算法得到发动机总体模型参数的离线估计值。考虑到不同发动机个体间的差异性,采用贝叶斯公式,结合发动机的实时监测数据与总体模型参数的先验分布对模型中随机参数进行实时更新,从而对个体发动机的剩余寿命实时预测。最后,选择商用航空发动机仿真数据集(C-MAPSS)进行实验,结果表明：针对个体发动机基于非线性随机过程方法,实时更新非线性Wiener方法能够提高航空发动机循环中期剩余寿命预测的准确性,提供更加可靠的预防性维修决策。     

项目风险评估研究

风险评估是各项目过程中的一个重要环节,通常由项目的不同角色去完成。随着越来越多的项目需要协同工作的发展趋势,有必要开发协同完成风险评估的工具。本文论述了风险评估系统的设计和实现,并阐明系统如何使异地的项目成员在项目概念设计阶段评估项目风险,开发了一个基于Web技术和模糊理论的原型系统。     

Modeling and simulation of bow wave effect in probe and drogue aerial refueling

In a probe and drogue aerial refueling system, the bow wave of the receiver aircraft will produce a strong aerodynamic effect on the drogue once the receiver follows the drogue at a close distance. It is a major difficulty of docking control in the probe and drogue refueling. This paper analyses the bow wave effect and presents a simple method to model it. Firstly, the inviscid flow around the receiver is modeled based on the stream function defined by basic stream singularities.Secondly, a correction function is developed to eliminate the error caused by the absence of air viscosity. Then, the aerodynamic coefficients are used to calculate the induced aerodynamic force on the drogue. The obtained model is in an analytical form that can be easily applied to the controller design and the real-time simulations. In the verification part, computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation tests are conducted to validate the obtained flow fields and aerodynamic forces. Finally,the modeling method is applied to an F-16 receiver aircraft in a previously developed autonomous aerial refueling simulation system. The simulations results are analyzed and compared with the NASA flight-test data, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

一种基于激光跟踪仪的大飞机外形测绘建模方法

为满足现役飞机进行数字化建模的需求,随着数字化测量技术的发展,使用激光跟踪仪及激光扫描仪进行大尺寸飞机停机状态全机外形测绘建模的工程技术方法已经成为现实.通过对某型飞机进行全机测绘建模的工程实例分析,归纳出大飞机测绘建模主要包括:测绘建模平台的搭建、整机逆向数据采集、点云数据处理、曲面模型重建、重建模型质量分析5个关键环节.该测绘建模方法既能大幅度提升飞机模型重建的精度和测绘建模效率,又能满足顶层的现代飞机研制及改装过程中数字化设计需求,还可以在飞机设计、制造、改型、改装中发挥重要作用.     

Peculiarities of the nighttime winter foF2 increase over Irkutsk

An analysis of properties and peculiarities of the nighttime winter foF2 increases (NWI) in the East Siberia is made on data of ionospheric station Irkutsk in the periods 1958–1992 and 2002–2009 and the empirical model of the F2 layer critical frequency under the geomagnetic quiet conditions deduced from these data (model Q-F2). It is revealed, that the NWI is the stable regularity of the quiet ionosphere over Irkutsk. The amplitude of the NWI (the difference between maximum and minimum foF2 values at night hours) is the greatest in December–January and nearly the same at low and middle solar activity. It is a peculiarity of the quiet ionosphere in the East Siberia. Maximum in night foF2 under quiet geomagnetic conditions is observed mainly after midnight (02-04 LT) and is shifted to predawn hours as solar activity increases. At low solar activity the quiet ionosphere at ∼02–04 LT shows the following properties: (a) the fluctuations of foF2 and hmF2 are in the reverse correlation but this dependence is weak; (b) very strong fluctuations of foF2 (|δfoF2| > 30%) occur seldom (∼4% of events) and almost all of them are positive; an example of very strong fluctuations of foF2 up to 60% can be an extreme increase in the foF2 on 19.12.2008; (c) the very strong enhancements of foF2 in the NWI maximum can be observed at the low geomagnetic activity, they occur more often during substorms but very seldom during geomagnetic storms. Possible reasons of these properties of NWI are discussed.     

An active debris removal parametric study for LEO environment remediation

Recent analyses on the instability of the orbital debris population in the low Earth orbit (LEO) region and the collision between Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 have reignited interest in using active debris removal (ADR) to remediate the environment. There are, however, monumental technical, resource, operational, legal, and political challenges in making economically viable ADR a reality. Before a consensus on the need for ADR can be reached, a careful analysis of its effectiveness must be conducted. The goal is to demonstrate the need and feasibility of using ADR to better preserve the future environment and to explore different operational options to maximize the benefit-to-cost ratio. This paper describes a new sensitivity study on using ADR to stabilize the future LEO debris environment. The NASA long-term orbital debris evolutionary model, LEGEND, is used to quantify the effects of several key parameters, including target selection criteria/constraints and the starting epoch of ADR implementation. Additional analyses on potential ADR targets among the existing satellites and the benefits of collision avoidance maneuvers are also included.